略论《诗经》

《诗经》原名为《诗》,或称《诗三百》。汉代尊称之为《诗经》,现在只是沿用它作为书名而已。《诗经》是我国奴隶社会的一部诗歌集子;也是我国第一部诗歌集子。其中某些诗篇是中国文学史上一个良好的开端,为中国诗歌打下了牢固的基础。《诗经》所反映的历史时代,为公元前十一世纪到公元前六世纪左右,也即自西周初期到春秋中叶,共五百年。《诗经》一共有三百零五篇,传统分法为《风》、(十五国国风)     

《诗经》见引于《四书》所产生的文化意蕴

《四书》（《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》、《中庸》）中引用了许多来自《诗经》的诗歌。考察其引用的具体篇目以及比例，可以发现《四书》在内在精神上与《诗经》提倡的“思无邪”、“温柔敦厚”诗教有一脉相承的关系，即强调培养个人道德修养，教化民众，以平天下，同时对统治者的举措失误和道德败坏，给以及时讥刺。这些是《四书》引《诗经》的主要倾向     

浅谈陶渊明的思想

陶渊明是中国文学史上杰出的诗人,他的诗歌以田园生活为题材,开创了田园诗歌新的艺术境界,使田园诗歌在唐宋以后成为诗歌的重要内容。陶渊明的诗沿袭了魏晋诗歌的古朴诗风而进入更纯熟的境地,他成功地将自然提升为一种美的至境,他创造了中国诗歌中一种新的、美的类型,一种意韵极为醇厚而又朴实无华的冲淡美。这一切的取得与陶渊明丰富的人生体验是分不开的,如果没有田园生活的体验也写不出这些广为传诵的田园诗,从而使他的诗在中国文学史上奠定了不朽的地位。     

吕祖谦《吕氏家塾读诗记》在《诗经》学史上的意义

《吕氏家塾读诗记》在《诗经》学史上的意义主要体现在：对传统《诗》说的肯定、维护和发展有力地校正了宋代《诗经》学演变，激活了传统《诗》说的生命力；主张《诗》为雅乐的“主声说”是郑樵、王质“主声说”向朱熹、王柏诗乐理论嬗递的桥梁；对郑樵“淫诗”说的批驳是“淫诗”说从郑樵到朱熹再到王柏不断演变的重要原因。     

《诗经》中的尚孝思想与所反映的社会现实

《诗经》不仅是我国历史上的一部文学著作,它更加以写实的手法描绘了当时的社会现实。贵族人们的奢华生活,官吏对人民的压迫,底层劳动人民的疾苦,还有对劳动的歌颂,对自由生活的向往,一首首诗歌就是一个个鲜活的生活场景。这些也不仅仅是平常简单生活的反映,更多的是对当时的社会状况、国家政治生活的反映。而当时社会十分注重的“孝”在《诗经》中更是得到了淋漓尽致的表现。     

《诗经》训诂三则

《诗经》是我国最早的一部诗歌总集,收入的是自西周初年至春秋中叶大约五百多年的三百零五篇诗歌。由于其撰写年代久远,该书成为了目前最难读的古书之一。因此,有关《诗经》的训诂变成了难点与热点。本文撮录《诗经》训诂三则如次,以就正于方家。     

关于诗歌特点的再商榷

关于诗歌的特点,何其芳同志在《关于写诗和读诗》一文中,提出了一个比较完整的定义:“诗是一种最集中地反映社会生活的文学样式,它饱和着丰富的想象和感情,常常以直接抒情的方式来表现,而且在精炼的程度上,特别是在节奏的鲜明上,它的语言有别于散文的语言。”这是对诗歌特点的比较科学的概括。所以,人们在谈诗时,往往沿用这种说法。王长俊同志在《关于诗歌     

晚明畅销书:女性诗歌选本《名媛诗归》

《名媛诗归》是明末出现的一部辑者名为钟惺的女性诗歌选本。认为钟惺为编者的可能性不大,但是《名媛诗归》中的论诗评诗的确体现出了竟陵派的诗学观念。《名媛诗归》虽然显示出晚明男性对女性文学的重视,但仍是从男性视角出发所作的女性诗歌批评,仍未脱离传统性别观念的束缚,并且对女性德与才的评价存在明显的矛盾。     

神人之间:晋唐“桃源”形塑与流变

陶渊明《桃花源记》的"杂传"性质,是后世"桃源"意象生成的基础。初唐对其认识主要是幽美之境和避隐之地。王维《桃源行》首次以"桃源"命篇,其后刘禹锡、韩愈等人均有以此为题之作。这些诗歌叙事略有不同,但整体上以仙事为中心。大历年间,武陵桃花观道童白日升仙,其后诗中仙事与道童故事合流,形成桃源神仙说一脉。《武陵记》和《武陵图经》作为地志,记述桃源较客观理性,但亦有尚异特点。桃源图则是对桃源的图像表达,是诗歌文本的图像再现,故以仙事为主。从刘禹锡和韩愈等事例,可知文学地理与历史地理中的桃源虽存在差异,但又往往统一在诗人意识中。据此可深掘"桃源"在空间和场域方面的地理批评意义,亦可深入理解文学与历史之间复杂的联动关系。     

生命的余闲与整全:诗经《葛覃》《桑中》读解

能否安顿日常生活是《诗经》诗教所蕴含的生命学问。在《诗经》经学传统中,日常生活的安顿对于家庭和国家政治生活来说,有着基础性的重要意义。以《葛覃》和《桑中》两篇诗为例,可以显示古典诗教的生命学问在当代社会仍然具有现实意义。王夫之从《葛覃》的"黄鸟"中读到的东西涉及诗之为诗的根本所在:有余,有间,使生命可以免于"正墙面而立"的逼仄。思考《桑中》的采摘活动,可以领悟生命的整全,反思现代性对生命的异化和碎片化。     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

Turning a Madhyamaka Trick: Reply to Huntington

Huntington (2007); argues that recent commentators (Robinson, 1957; Hayes, 1994; Tillemans, 1999; Garfield and Priest, 2002) err in attributing to Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti a commitment to rationality and to the use of argument, and that these commentators do violence to the Madhyamaka project by using rational reconstruction in their interpretation of Nāgārjuna’s and Candrakīrti’s texts. Huntington argues instead that mādhyamikas reject reasoning, distrust logic and do not offer arguments. He also argues that interpreters ought to recuse themselves from argument in order to be faithful to these texts. I demonstrate that he is wrong in all respects: Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti deploy arguments, take themselves to do so, and even if they did not, we would be wise to do so in commenting on their texts.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

The Mūlāvidyā Controversy Among Advaita Vedāntins: was Śaṅkara Himself Responsible?

The concept of avidyā or ignorance is central to the Advaita Vedāntic position of Śȧnkara. The post-Śaṅkara Advaitins wrote sub-commentaries on the original texts of Śaṅkara with the intention of strengthening his views. Over the passage of time the views of these sub-commentators of Śaṅkara came to be regarded as representing the doctrine of Advaita particularly with regard to the concept of avidyā. Swami Satchidanandendra Saraswati, a scholar-monk of Holenarsipur, challenged the accepted tradition through the publication of his work Mūlāvidyānirāsaḥ, particularly with regard to the avidyādoctrine. It was his contention that the post-Śaṅkara commentators brought their own innovations particularly on the nature of avidyā. This was the idea of mūlāvidyā or ‘root ignorance’, a positive entity which is the material cause of the phenomenal world. Saraswati argues that such an idea of mūlāvidyā is not to be found in the bhāṣyas (commentaries) of Śaṅkara and is foisted upon Śaṅkara. This paper attempts to show that although Śaṅkara may not have explicitly favoured such a view of mūlāvidyā, his lack of clarity on the nature of avidyā left enough scope for the post-Śaṅkara commentators to take such a position on avidyā.     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.