投资失职的刑法控制

<刑法>第168条的严重不负责任非指一般性地违反职责或义务,也不是简单的法益侵害或开放的构成要件,而是对国家的失信,对国家委托的失职,且已达到严重的程度.在国企投资失职行为中,贪胜的对赌武投资、过于自信的违规操作、严重的决策失误等,都是对国家委托的失信,符合国有公司、企业工作人员失职罪的行为特征,应承担刑事责任.因相关知识薄弱而进行不平等金融衍生产品交易的,涉及几个方面,不可一概而论.     

Punishing Sex: Sex Offenders and the Missing Punitive Turn in Sexuality Studies

At precisely the same time that gay and lesbian activists were securing marriage rights for same‐sex couples nationwide, courts and “tough on crime” state legislatures were devising new ways to regulate sex. Despite recent estimates that over 750,000 Americans are registered sex offenders, few sexuality scholars have examined the growth of punitive policies regulating sex offenders. In this article, I draw on a unique set of data on the population of sex offenders in the United States to analyze: (1) whether recent trends in sex offender registration mirror those of corrections more generally, and (2) whether these policies disproportionally impact racial minorities. Findings reveal that sex offender registries grew dramatically between 2005 and 2013; that this growth is out of step with concurrent trends in corrections; and that black communities are disproportionately impacted. I conclude by considering whether these data reveal a new mode of “governing through crime” specifically targeting sex.

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精神病人限定刑事责任能力评定量表在精神发育迟滞违法者中的运用

目的探讨精神病人限定刑事责任能力评定量表（Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale,DCRRS）在精神发育迟滞违法者司法鉴定中的运用。方法多中心收集121例被评定为限定刑事责任能力的精神发育迟滞违法者资料,完成量表评定,同时将限定刑事责任能力进行小部分、部分、大部分三级划分。结果小部分组、部分组、大部分组量表评定总分的平均分依次升高,分别为22.12±4.69、25.50±5.48、27.59±5.69,差异具有统计学意义;量表中17个条目的评定分与总分相关,相关系数0.289～0.665;因子分析得到6个因子,能解释69.392%变异。结论DCRRS内部构建合理,在精神发育迟滞者司法鉴定中,其评定总分能在一定程度上反映三级限定刑事责任能力之间的差异。     

精神障碍者刑事责任能力判定研究

为推介中国人民大学法学院博士培养成果,搭建论文品评乃至学术评价之平台,《法学家》专辟博文精萃一栏。该栏目由两部分组成:其一是论文要旨,由博文作者对其博士论文进行全面系统而重点突出的介绍,一般宜包括如下要素:论文的体系架构;论文每章节的主要内容;论文的主要特点;论文的主要创新和不足;论文所研究领域的课题展望。其二是论文评议,可以是答辩委员会的论文审查意见,或者评审专家的点评,具体宜包括如下要素:对论文的总体评价;对论文的体系及各章节的评价;对论文创新的评价;指出论文的不足以及进一步完善的方向。敬请关注并提出宝贵建议。     

Registered Sex Offenders,Residence, and the Influence of Race

ABSTRACT

The current research assesses the characteristics of neighborhoods where registered sex offenders (RSOs) reside and whether or not race influences the locations of these RSOs. Drawing on data from 2,290 RSOs in five urban counties, analysis focuses on assessing the characteristics of census tracts where Black and White RSOs reside, as well as assessing characteristics of census tracts with high concentrations of RSOs in residence. Findings show that census tracts where sex offenders reside display more social disorganization than communities and the nation as a whole. Census tracts where Black RSOs reside are generally more socially disorganized than those where White RSOs reside. Additionally White RSOs are more likely to reside in census tracts with high concentrations of RSOs.     

精神障碍者受审能力评定量表的编制

目的研制符合中国法律体系的精神障碍者受审能力评定量表。方法从法学要件着手,提取出15个条目,编制出初步的精神障碍者受审能力评定量表,从决断值、条目与总分相关、校正条目与总分相关、条目删除后的α值、条目共同性、因素负荷量6个方面对量表进行条目分析,并以Logistic回归方程与ROC曲线划定界值两种方式进行诊断效能的判断。结果各条目极端组的决断值18.390~46.763,各条目与总分相关系数0.639~0.952,校正条目与总分相关系数0.582~0.944,条目共同性0.377~0.916,因素负荷量0.614~0.957。共7个条目进入回归方程,总样本的回判正确率为96.0%。ROC拟合曲线分析出宜以33分作为量表划界分,与专家鉴定意见的重叠率为95.8%,敏感性为0.938,特异性为0.966,阳性似然比为27.67,阴性似然比为0.06。结论量表编制合理,各条目符合同质性检验要求,诊断性评价指标较好。     

限定刑事责任能力评定量表在器质性精神障碍司法鉴定中的运用

目的探讨《精神病人限定刑事责任能力评定量表》在器质性精神障碍犯罪嫌疑人司法鉴定中的运用。方法多中心收集73例被评定为限定刑事责任能力的器质性精神障碍犯罪嫌疑人,完成量表评定,同时将限定刑事责任能力进行三级划分。结果小部分组、部分组、大部分组量表评定总分的平均分依次升高且存在显著性差异,分别为22.00±2.24、27.46±5.46、31.94±4.93;量表共15个条目与评定分显著相关,相关系数从0.233至0.661不等;因子分析得到7个因子,能解释76.306%变异,判别分析结果表明68.5%的样本能被正确划分。结论精神病人限定刑事责任能力评定量表内部构建合理,在器质性精神障碍犯罪嫌疑人司法鉴定中,其评定总分能有效反映三级限定刑事责任能力之间差异。     

完善我国未成年犯社区矫正制度的思考

我国的未成年犯社区矫正还处在摸索阶段，许多制度尚未完善，需要根据我国的具体国情以及借鉴外国的先进经验，从矫正执行主体、矫正项目、立法等三个方面入手，探索完善我国未成年犯社区矫正制度。     

浅论未成年人相对不起诉制度

1996年修改《刑事诉讼法》时,在废止免于起诉制度的基础上,确立了由检察机关裁量决定的相对不起诉制度。《刑事诉讼法》第142条第2款规定：“对于犯罪情节轻微,依照刑法规定不需要判处刑罚或者免除刑罚的,人民检察院可以作出不起诉决定。”这其实是法律赋予检察官的一项自由裁量权,就法律功能而言,一方面,它是在审查起诉阶段对符合条件的犯罪嫌疑人通过结束诉讼程序的方式恢复其受到追诉之前的身份,     

精神病人刑事责任能力评定标准探讨

刑事责任能力直接关系着刑事案件的定性与处理,其评定要件目前倾向认为有医学要件(标准)与法学要件(标准),但对法学要件一直缺乏明确的规定和统一认识,严重影响鉴定结论的一致性与科学性,因此亟待制订刑事责任能力评定的相关行业标准。长期以来,责任能力的评定大多是经验式判断,缺乏客观的评定工具,虽然也强调应该根据法学要件即辨认与控制能力具体分析其责任能力大小,但实践中评定模式仍多是重点考察作案当时行为人的精神状态。我们认为,精神障碍只是责任能力评定的基础,而不是其决定因素,决定责任能力大小的只能是作案时其辨认或控制能力的程度。评定刑事责任能力,首先应考察其精神状态,如果精神状态正常,即可认定为具有完全刑事责任能力;如果患有某种精神障碍,就应该去重点考察其辨认或控制能力受损的程度,再根据这种受损程度的大小相应评定,因为所有的精神障碍的落脚点都是其辨认或控制能力的受损情况。同时,为避免过去经验式判断的主观性,在相关评定标准中应该要求辅以标准化评定工具,以提高评定结果的科学性与客观性。     

Punishing the Wicked: Examining the Correlates of Sentence Severity for Convicted Sex Offenders

Objectives

To examine the correlates of sentence severity for convicted sex offenders under sentencing guidelines, contrasted with individuals convicted of non-sexual, violent offenses.

Methods

Drawing on 7 years of data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, we utilize a logit-negative binomial hurdle model to examine the predictors of incarceration and sentence length, and an accompanying Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition of the gap in sentencing outcomes between the groups. We then implement a quantile regression framework to examine variation in effects across the distribution of sentence lengths. All analyses are contrasted with a matched sample of violent offenders to consider the extent to which estimated associations are unique to sex offenders.

Results

The analyses suggest several predictors of sentence severity for sex offenders, and that these predictors vary between the incarceration and sentence length decisions. In comparing effects for sex and matched violent offenders, divergent effects were observed for both case and offender characteristics. An Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition suggests that differences in the coefficient estimates account for less than one-fifth of the gap in average sentencing outcomes between sex and violent offenders. Subsequent quantile regressions indicate that these effects vary considerably over the sentence length distribution in ways that are not captured or obscured by the hurdle models.

Conclusions

The predictors of sentence severity for sex offenders, and points of divergence from violent offenders, are congruent with the notion that judges utilize crime-specific stereotypes in arriving at sentencing decisions. Further, the application of quantile regression following point-based estimation can reveal meaningful patterns in sentencing disparities.

     

The Police and CMHCs: The Transition from Penal to Therapeutic Control

The deinstitutionalization of chronic mental patients and the establishment of Community Mental Health Centers creates a new role for the police—i.e. agents of therapeutic control. In this new role, police must move beyond their traditional behaviors as agents of penal control, and play an active part in initiating patients to psychiatric treatment. Social scientists and mental health professionals recognize the need for police training in this area. Yet, little research has been devoted to the penal-therapeutic transition per se. This paper examines the social structural factors necessary for such a transition, and it illustrates the methods by which CMHC professionals can manipulate their social control environments so as to fulfill these social structural "requirements". We also discuss some non-structural barriers to police acting as agents of therapeutic control and the prospects for overcoming them.     

Youth Mental Health First-Aid: Juvenile Justice Staff Training to Assist Youth with Mental Health Concerns

Many youth in juvenile justice settings meet criteria for a mental health condition. Front line staff need to be able to recognize and respond to their needs, but training is often lacking. Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) is an 8-hour training for adults without mental health education to recognize and assist distressed youth. This study surveyed 1,279 [State blinded] DJS front-line staff trained in YMHFA. Of 338 returned surveys (26% response), 44% reported using YMHFA skills at work, 56% in preventing a crisis, 25% during crises. Respondents rated YMHFA as significantly improving their responsiveness to distressed young people.     

人文主义与中国古代刑制

中国古代刑制很早即表现出尊重生命的人文主义倾向.这种带有一定的人文主义倾向的有关规定,不仅有利于缓和当时的社会矛盾,减轻人们的痛苦,在一定程度上保护了社会生产力,而且促进了中国古代刑制的进步与发展.     

试论老年犯处遇制度的改革

老年犯由于年龄的增长,身体机能的衰退,人身危险性和再犯可能性会显著降低;而监禁刑又有着一系列的弊端,诸如会令老年犯出现监狱化和健康恶化等后果,并且监禁刑改造功能有限,会导致老年犯的再社会化困难。因此,应该改革老年犯的处遇制度,并且应该对老年犯罪人多适用非监禁刑,并扩大社会矫正的适用范围。