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1.
Ross Homel 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1996,12(3):297-313
This paper reviews quantitative criminological research, especially of a sophisticated mathematical nature, published by researchers
in Australia and New Zealand since 1981. A statistical analysis of quantitative articles published between 1981 and 1995 in
the leading academic journal.The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, showed that using the five topical categories developed by Farrington (this issue), there has been little change in the
types of research carried out, with studies of court processes and correctional issues accounting for two-thirds of papers.
The numbers of “simple” and ”sophisticated” quantitative articles as proportions of the total published also did not vary
over the 15 years. Areas of strength in quantitative research include drugs, alcohol, and crime; indigenous peoples and the
criminal justice system; regulatory law enforcement; the modeling of recidivism; and sentencing. Most sophisticated quantitative
research is carried out by noncriminologists, and it appears unlikely that the amount of mathematically sophisticated research
will increase significantly in the next few years. Experimental studies and longitudinal designs will probably slowly grow
in popularity, and crime prevention will emerge as an area of quantitative strength. 相似文献
2.
Much recent research and debate in criminology have centered around how to conceptualize and model longitudinal sequences
of delinquent and criminal acts committed by individuals. Two approaches dominate this controversy. One originates in thecriminal careers paradigm, which emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offending groups in the general population—thus leading to a distinction between incidence and prevalence of criminal offending, a focus on
the onset, persistence, and desistence of criminal careers, and the possibility that criminals are a distinctive group with
constant high rates of offending. Another approach places criminal events within a broader context ofstudies of the life course by explicitly substituting the conceptualization of “social events” for that of “criminal careers”. With respect to analytical
models, this approach emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offenders with respect to order of criminal events from first to second to higher orders and thus suggests an analysis of the “risks” or “hazards” of offending by order of
offense. Some extant commentaries on the criminal careers and life course approaches to conceptualizing and modeling longitudinal
sequences of delinquent and criminal events committed by individuals have emphasized their differences and incompatibilities.
In contrast, we apply recently developed semiparametric mixed Poisson regression techniques to develop conditions under which
the two conceptual/modeling approaches are formally equivalent. We also modify the semiparametric mixed Poisson regression
model of criminal careers to incorporate information on order of the delinquent/criminal event and develop an empirical application.
This modification demonstrates the complementarity of the criminal careers and life course approaches, even though they have
somewhat different foci. 相似文献
3.
The author considers the role and place of theory in criminal justice studies. The argument is that the operation and interrogation
of fundamental categories is integral to social scientific enquiry and if criminal justice studies is to resist a technocratic
“protective service” orientation it must promote theorising and thinking conceptually via the texts which represent the discipline
to undergraduates. Although theory is situated at the core of social science curricula, there is little or no agreement on
its role or place in research and pedagogy. The dominant understanding of theory within criminal justice studies (including
its sociological and criminological incarnation) is that it is something to be referred to. What is seldom emphasised in theory
or methods texts is the practice of theorising. Texts that are designed to be the student’s first contact with the field of
criminal justice studies, and which reflect broader attitudes toward social enquiry, seldom consider the methodological and
pedagogical issues related to the production and role of analytic concepts and do not present social science as an imaginative
or reflexive practice. Drawing on critical realist metatheory, this paper advances a distinction between social and sociological problems and social science and protective service toward illustrating that a social science approach to the study of criminal justice demands the operation and interrogation
of analytic categories and explicit consideration of issues of epistemology and ontology. Works which seek to avoid this serve
only to foster a passive rather than active engagement with their subject matter. 相似文献
4.
Sean Maddan 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2018,43(4):745-753
Literature reviews in criminological and criminal justice journal articles have long served as an integral component in our empirical backyard. In this address I explore the value of the literature review in peer-reviewed research articles. I begin by evaluating the merits of the literature review section in empirically refereed research articles. I propose abandoning the literature review, due to its overall insignificance and best practices from other disciplines. Based on reasons outlined in this speech, I elaborate on the strengths and weaknesses of this somewhat controversial notion in the criminological/criminal justice discipline. 相似文献
5.
Ralph Henham 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2012,57(1):77-98
The paper explores the link between penal ideology and international trial justice from the perspective of sentencing. The
argument is based on the premise that the perceived legitimacy of punishment is directly related to effective governance in
criminal justice. As such, loss of faith, or lack of moral empathy by individuals and communities with the ideologies, processes
and outcomes of punishment compromises the ability of criminal trials to function effectively in maintaining the ‘rule of
law’. The paper argues that more emphasis should be given explaining the moral foundations that underpin perceptions of ‘justice’
in sociological accounts of the ‘reality’ of sentencing, and proposes an analytical framework for conceptualising this. Adopting
this approach, the paper draws on examples from national and international criminal justice to illustrate how the hegemony
of penal ideology and its implementation compromises the ability of sentencing outcomes to resonate with the trial‘s ‘relevant
audience’. The paper then focuses on how penal ideology influences the construction of the factual basis for sentencing in
international criminal trials, and considers the consequences of this for the perceived ‘legitimacy’ of international trial
justice. 相似文献
6.
Richard R. E. Kania PH.D. 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1988,13(1):74-96
As often as the label “conservative” is used in criminological and criminal justice books, papers, articles, lectures and
discussions, rarely is the substance of what “conservative” might mean raised. Its use as a prejoritive by those who are not
conservative clouds the word and the complex of ideas it represents with a negative imagery. The author, a confessed conservative,
seeks to dispel that cloud by identifying the common features of contemporary American conservative thought in its five major
divisions: secular and theological fundamentalism, core conservatism, conservative pragmatism, and libertarian conservatism.
How adherents of each of these five camps impact on criminal justice policy and criminological theory is explained. Proposals
for a conservative pedagogy in criminal justice are offered to sympathizers and a conservative who’s who and reading list
are provided for further reading. 相似文献
7.
The best interdisciplinary courses are those that not only expand a student’s consciousness but also increase a student’s
options. A course in criminal justice and literature can give criminal justice students a broader philosophical basis for
work in their profession and metaphors for understanding their discipline. For humanities students, it can reveal the extent
to which literature reflects social conditions and criminal justice theories and practices. With this in mind, the authors,
professors of criminal justice and English, respectively, designed and taught an experimental course that integrates topics
in criminal justice with topics in literature. This article details the philosophies and goals behind this undertaking and
describes the specific course objectives, readings and other instructional materials used, and the teaching methods and evaluation
procedures employed. Also included are the results of a research survey which explored student perceptions of and reactions
to the course. The article concludes by offering suggestions and cautionary advice that would be helpful for those interested
in setting up such a curriculum. 相似文献
8.
Joseph P. Daly David R. Williams Stephen J. O’Connor Richard W. Pouder 《Social Justice Research》2009,22(4):335-350
There is a controversy in the justice literature as to whether interpersonal aspects of justice are best represented as one
construct (interactional justice) or two (interpersonal justice and informational justice). Using confirmatory factor analysis,
we tested competing models of these constructs on a sample of healthcare consumers (n = 1919) with respect to their justice judgments of primary care physicians. We found that the single factor model (interactional
justice) represented a better fit to the data. Our results do not necessarily contradict those of prior studies that have
found a better fit for a bi-dimensional model in organizational settings, however. Instead, we are suggesting a contingency
approach: the results may be due in part to the halo effect, which may manifest itself where consumers are unfamiliar with
the service provider and with the complexities of that person’s role. 相似文献
9.
Jennifer Carlson 《Law & society review》2017,51(2):346-378
Responding to calls to “decenter” American penality beyond the carceral apparatus, this article ethnographically examines administrative process and dissects how it interlocks with criminal justice. To do so, it draws on an admittedly unusual, but theoretically generative, case: administrative gun boards, charged with issuing, denying, revoking, and suspending licenses to conceal carry a firearm. While scholars have examined gun ownership and gun carrying as a social practice, less attention has been paid to gun licensing as a state practice. Drawing on observations of over 900 cases from gun board meetings in two counties in Michigan, this paper examines how administrative process mimics, supplements, and facilitates criminal justice through three mechanisms: procedural pains, in which administrative process resembles criminal justice; parallel punishment, in which administrative process supplements criminal justice through withholding of benefits, entitlements or licenses; and valve‐turning, in which administrative process funnels, or threatens to funnel, claimants into the criminal justice system. Revealing how administrative process and criminal justice become mutually reinforcing, the findings extend and integrate scholarship that shows the material, symbolic, and psychic implications of criminal justice contact, on the one hand, with the increased tendency of administrative contexts to resemble criminal justice institutions, on the other. 相似文献
10.
In this introduction to this special issue of the Asian Journal of Criminology, we pay special attention to public participation and involvement in the criminal justice system in Asia. Public support,
participation, and involvement in various forms are crucial to normal functioning and effectiveness of the criminal justice
system. Given the centralized and often non-democratic nature of the legal system in many Asian nations, studies in this field
have lagged behind their Western counterparts. Based on empirical and theoretical studies from China, India, Japan, Macao,
and South Korea, papers in this special issue address several key aspects of public participation and involvement in these
Asian nations and regions, including the public’s role in crime reduction and prevention, the public’s fear of crime, the
public’s involvement with the police in dealing with juvenile delinquencies, the police’s perception of civilian oversight
of police work, public opinion on criminal trial procedures, and a comprehensive crime prevention strategy. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents the academic field of criminal justice as an interpretive social science. The opening section discusses
academic criminal justice from scientific and interpretive perspectives, arguing that the terminology of “justice” is essentially
contested. The second section presents the key implication of a contested core terminology: that an interpretive approach
is the best way to develop the academic field of criminal justice. Section three reviews central elements of the Gadamerian
tradition, with an eye towards its application to the field of criminal justice. The fourth section considers two issues pertinent
to an interpretive criminal justice—the problem of interpretation in a field where professional practice is destructive to
other normative systems, and the contribution of an interpretive criminal justice to public policy. 相似文献
12.
It has long been contended that the criminal justice system extends the influence of patriarchy in society. Feminist and critical
criminologists have produced countless examples of the male domination in the criminal justice system. Critics of law and
criminal justice point out that the system treats women the same way as does the mainstream society (MacKinnon 1989, 1991; Smart 1989). Therefore, criminal justice cannot be expected to remedy injustices legally before they are recognized as injustices socially.
Sociological studies in crime and delinquency have also neglected gender issues. By employing the qualititaive research approach
of field observation, this study focuses on how practitioners in three criminal courts in Southern Taiwan interact with female
defendants. The findings point out that the court system was unbending in treating the observed defendants in a condescending
manner, and expedited the trial process to pronounce the defendants’ guilt. The study aims to offer explicit and nuanced empirical
evidence of how gender complicates courtroom interaction. Evidence from this study also forms the basis for policy recommendations
and future reform in the criminal justice system. 相似文献
13.
Richard R. Johnson 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2005,20(2):58-66
Clothing color and style are significant factors in impression formation in first-time dealings with strangers. Four common
police uniform color schemes are evaluated for their influence on seven scales of impression formation with a sample of 737
citizens in a Midwestern city. Consistent with the previous literature, the all black color scheme was viewed most negatively
on six of the seven scales. The light blue shirt and navy blue pants color scheme created the most positive impression on
all seven scales. The implications of these findings for police-community relations and department uniform selection are discussed.
Author Note: Richard R. Johnson is a doctoral candidate in criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati and a former police officer.
He holds a B.S. in criminal justice from Indiana University and an M.S. in criminology from Indiana State University. Communications
may be sent to 20 Ridge Dr., #208, Fairfield, OH 45014 相似文献
14.
Following the labeling, conflict, and radical movements of the 1960s and 1970s and the attention these perspectives directed toward crimes committed by the powerful, it became commonplace for most criminologists to assume that corporate and white-collar crime received adequate attention in criminological and criminal justice literature. At the same time, corporate and white-collar crime researchers continued to assert that the behaviors they studied remain underrepresented in criminological literature, especially relative to the level of harm these behaviors cause. This article examines these two competing assumptions concerning the prevalence of corporate and white-collar crime literature during the later 1990s by: (1) analyzing the contents of several major criminological and criminal justice journals over a five-year time period; and (2) analyzing the coverage, placement, and integration of white-collar and corporate crime discussions in criminology and criminal justice textbooks. In addition, twenty-one Ph.D. granting criminology departments were polled to determine whether they offered regular and required courses on corporate and white-collar crime. Representativeness was determined through comparisons of the number of journal articles and the number of textbook pages published on white-collar and corporate crime indicators relative to the number of articles and pages published on several other criminological issues. Indicators of and the determination of representativeness are related to indicators of the seriousness (financial costs and level of violence) and impact of corporate and white-collar crime on society compared to the seriousness and impact of street crimes. 相似文献
15.
Simon Mackenzie 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2011,56(2):133-153
Research with dealers at the market end of the global chain of supply of cultural objects leads to the suggestion that the
analytical framework associated with the concept of ‘crimes of the powerful’ can be useful in helping us to understand the
role of dealers in driving the market, and in focussing our attention on the difficulties of engaging with the illicit trade
through a conventional criminal justice approach. This paper explores the nature of the power that is associated with high-level
antiquities dealers, and considers its regulatory implications. 相似文献
16.
Richard Berk 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(1):107-123
The statistical procedures typically used for forecasting in criminal justice settings rest on symmetric loss functions. For
quantitative response variables, overestimates are treated the same as underestimates. For categorical response variables,
it does not matter in which class a case is inaccurately placed. In many criminal justice settings, symmetric costs are not
responsive to the needs of stakeholders. It can follow that the forecasts are not responsive either. In this paper, we consider
asymmetric loss functions that can lead to forecasting procedures far more sensitive to the real consequences of forecasting
errors. Theoretical points are illustrated with examples using criminal justice data of the kind that might be used for “predictive
policing.” 相似文献
17.
Jiahong He 《Frontiers of Law in China》2007,2(1):1-22
A study of the global tendencies of criminal justice will help us design a more scientific and rational pathway for the reformation
of existing criminal justice system of China. In the forthcoming several hundred years to come, the world’s criminal justice
is to take on ten tendencies, that is, the tendency toward unity, civilization, science, rule of law, human rights, justice,
efficiency, specialization, standardization and harmony.
__________
Translated from Yanshan Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexueban) 燕山大学学报 (哲学社会科学版) (Journal of Yanshan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)), 2005, (1): 1–11 相似文献
18.
Claire Hamilton 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2011,17(4):253-266
Relying on Brown's (2005a, b) thesis that contemporary shifts in penal policy are best understood as a reprisal of colonial rationality, so that offenders
become “non-citizens” or “agents of obligation”, this article argues, firstly, that this framework (with certain important
refinements and extensions) finds support in developments in Irish criminal justice policy aimed at offenders suspected of
involvement in “organised crime”. These offenders have found themselves reconstituted as “agents of obligation” with duties
to furnish information about their property and movements, report to the police concerning their location and, importantly,
refrain from criminal activity or face extraordinary sanctions. Secondly, it is submitted that this draconian approach to the control of organised crime is built on false premises;
specifically the idea that “organised crime” as such exists and is best controlled through restrictions on the freedom of
key groups or “core nominals”. 相似文献
19.
Frank P. Williams Marilyn D. McShane Carl P. Wagoner 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1995,19(2):215-238
Several articles have been written about the relative prestige of journals in criminology and criminal justice. Almost uniformly,
however, those rankings have focused on sociology and criminology journals and have generally reflected a sociological orientation.
If criminal justice is indeed a separate discipline, such approaches are tantamount to asking psychologists to rate sociological
journals within a list of psychology journals. Our approach is first to separate respondents by their degree of identification
with criminal justice and their educational orientation. Second, we compile a list of responses to questions about prestige
and utility to practitioners across the range of criminal justice and criminology journals. Analyses of these data indicate
that there are differences in the way scholars rate journals, based on their identity with criminal justice and their educational
orientation. These differences, however, are found in specific journals and in types of journals (i.e., police, corrections,
criminal justice) rather than in aggregate perceptions of all criminal justice and criminology journals. 相似文献