农地信托的法律障碍及其克服

农地信托着眼于农业供给侧结构性改革,在不改变农村土地所有权制度和土地承包关系的大前提下,将信托机制引入农地流转融资,以农地经营权为信托财产,以信托公司为受托人,以土地承包经营权人为受益人,从而为解决农村土地改革困局探索了一条可供选择的制度路径。但是作为制度创新,实定立法对其尽付阙如,农地信托实践在主体资格、登记制度和监管体制等诸多层面遭遇障碍。重大改革必须于法有据。当务之急是夯实农地信托法律根基,明定信托为法定流转方式,并着重从委托人法律地位、受托人风险保障和激励机制、农地信托登记规则以及多主体协同监管体制等方面加以制度回应。     

犯罪后的第三种法律后果:保护处分

保护处分即少年犯罪处遇中具有替代(并非补充)刑罚性质的措施,它具有超越刑罚亦超越保安处分的鲜明特点,有犯罪之后的“第三种法律后果”之称。保护处分应当遵循三大基本原则,即处分法定原则、处分优先原则和处分相称原则。保护处分包括机构性保护处分和非机构性保护处分两大基本类型。各国(地区)对于保护处分的类型设计及其运用无不以社区性保护处分为原则,而以拘禁性保护处分为例外。保护处分是现代少年刑法的核心内容,仍然停留于报应主义阶段的我国少年刑法急需加快改革,建立保护处分制度。     

贸易壁垒认定的依据与期限--中国"贸易壁垒调查第一案"顺利中止后的思考

“贸易壁垒调查第一案”的顺利中止,标志着我国贸易壁垒调查制度从立法向司法实践成功迈出了第一步。但我国在贸易壁垒认定依据和期限等方面的规定还存在着与WTO多边体制不够协调或相冲突之处,势必影响整个贸易壁垒调查制度的构建及其在WTO后过渡期作用的发挥,有待完善。     

国外低碳壁垒及我国应对的法律思考

20世纪末21世纪初,低碳壁垒逐渐登上历史舞台。低碳壁垒是以碳足迹、碳减排等方式对贸易产品设限而形成的新型隐性技术壁垒,包含碳关税、碳标签、碳补贴、碳标准、生态设计要求等限制或禁止贸易的法律、政策和措施。低碳壁垒可以通过以下两个方式构筑:一是通过国内低碳立法制约他国高碳产品的进口,二是在国际气候谈判中力争制定对自己有利的低碳贸易规则以保护本国市场免受冲击。本文分析了现行国际、国内与之相关的法律制度及其不足,并从产业政策、国内外立法以及行政执法和司法等方面提出了若干建议。     

低碳壁垒的法律分析与应对思考

2009年联合国气候变化大会的召开,促使各国提出减排目标以应对全球气候变化。《京都议定书》工业化缔约方借履行公约的减排义务为名,通过国内立法提出或实施了以碳关税、碳标签、生态设计要求为主要形式的低碳壁垒措施,限制高能耗产品的进口,以达到保护国内相关产业之目的。低碳壁垒措施对发展中国家,尤其是我国出口贸易的负面影响不可低估,只有认真研究、理性思考、积极应对,才能保证我国出口贸易的可持续发展与有效应对全球气候变化。     

Delinquency and Crime Among Youths in the Philippines: A Test of Legal Cynicism

The construct of legal cynicism is gaining currency in the United States and other western developed countries in explaining why people break the law. This construct is viable in societies with strong economies and mature political and criminal justice institutions. This paper asks whether the construct of legal cynicism is applicable in societies with differing economic, political and social conditions. Specifically, the paper investigates whether legal cynicism can explain the delinquent behaviors of youths in the Philippines. Despite diligent efforts to duplicate the measures of legal cynicism, the paper finds that this construct is a weak predictor of youth delinquent behaviors. This contradictory finding is explained by looking at the historical and sociopolitical conditions of the country.     

突破技术性贸易壁垒之法律思考

技术性贸易壁垒是我国加入WTO后在发展对外贸易中遇到的最大难题之一。各种形式的技术性贸易壁垒使我国出口贸易遭受了严重打击。这些不良后果不仅是由我国自身原因造成的,还有许多法律上以及其他的原因。因而,采取相应的法律对策突破技术性贸易壁垒,是当前亟需解决的问题之一。     

Delinquency and Justice

Abstract

In an attempt to demonstrate the value of case study research on delinquency in American Indian communities, Tribal Court juvenile records from one western American Indian community, 1991 through 1998, were analyzed and interviews conducted with community members. Most arrests of juveniles were for alcohol possession and consumption, conduct offenses and status offenses. The most severe offense was simple assault. Youths were more likely to be detained for underage consumption than youths off reservation. Few bookings (26%) resulted in court hearings and all cases resulted in dismissal, deferred adjudication, or deferred sentencing. Girls had higher rates of arrest and detention than males. Interviews identified alcohol consumption and erosion of the extended family as correlates of delinquency.     

Religiosity and Delinquency

This article explores the contradictory findings that have characterized the relationship between religion and delinquency. The data are based on interviews with 600 adolescents attending public school in the Atlanta, Georgia area. A wide variety of religious and delinquency measures were used, allowing a complete examination of the relationship. The existence of a weak to moderate negative zero-order relationship was verified. Religious salience, belief in the power of personal prayer, and orthodoxy were found to be related more strongly to delinquency than the most often-used variable, church attendance. Most important, in spite of the relatively strong zero-order relationship between a number of religiosity and delinquency measures, within a multivariate context religion's contribution as an independent variable was not statistically significant. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.     

Appearance and Delinquency

This article examines the relationship between appearance and self-reported delinquency. Based on prior research, it is hypothesized that (1) unattractive individuals will be more delinquent, and (2) strain, labeling, and social control variables will mediate the relationship between appearance and delinquency Data from a national sample of adolescent boys support the first hypothesis. Only partial support is provided for the second hypothesis, with social control variables explaining from 9% to 31% of the association between appearance and delinquency. Theoretical and methodological reasons for the limited support of the second hypothesis are discussed.     

关于未成年人犯罪刑事法律援助全程化机制的构建

未成年人犯罪刑事诉讼法律援助全程化,是指在未成年人刑事犯罪案件中,对未成年人提供无偿法律服务,从侦查机关第一次讯问之时开始,在侦查阶段为未成年犯罪嫌疑人提供法律帮助,在审查起诉阶段为未成年犯罪嫌疑人辩护,在公诉案件一、二审阶段为未成年被告人辩护。即在我国刑事诉讼各阶段全过程中,为未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人联系指定法律援助律师,维护其合法权益,体现司法公正。一、构建现代司法理念下未成年人刑事诉讼法律援助全程化机制的必要性根据《法律援助条例》规定,我国目前刑事法律援助主要适用于两类人群,一类以经济困难为前提条件,…     

Japanese Society and Delinquency

Juvenile crime rates in Japan have been increasing as adult rates decline. The rise is produced mainly by an increase of minor offenses in the youngest (aged 14–16) age-group of offenders. To some extent this reflects a real change in the behavior of Japanese children. To a greater extent, we believe, it reflects a change in the behavior of the agents of juvenile justice, who are increasingly assuming jurisdiction over behavior that was formerly the responsibility of family, community, and school.     

Friendship Networks and Delinquency: The Relative Nature of Peer Delinquency

Although acknowledging the importance of adolescent friendships in the etiology of delinquency, prior studies have yet to provide a detailed examination of the role of actual friendship networks in delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995–1996), this study's incorporation of friendship networks allows for a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of peer delinquency based on carefully defined networks of adolescent friendships. Findings illustrate that friendship networks are very heterogenous in terms of members' participation in delinquent behavior with the majority of adolescents belonging to networks containing both delinquent and non-delinquent friends. In support of differential association's premise that delinquent behavior is influenced by the ratio of definitions favorable to those unfavorable to law violation (Sutherland, 1947), the proportion of delinquent friends in a respondent's network is most strongly associated with respondents' subsequent delinquency. This relative measure of peer delinquency is preferable to a measure of the absolute level of delinquency occurring by friends, the average delinquency committed by friends, or the absolute number of delinquent friends. Enmeshment in a friendship network where consensus about the appropriateness of delinquency is maximized (i.e., all friends are delinquent or non-delinquent) most effectively constrains the behaviors of network members to resemble the groups' behavior.     

Family Processes and Delinquency

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between family processes and delinquency. A multiethnic sample was utilized to determine whether the impact of parental attachment, involvement and supervision on delinquency is consistent across Latino, White and African American youth. Analysis of two waves of data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicates that relationships are not identical across ethnic and gender groups. Group differences uncovered by the current study are consistent with earlier research on family processes and suggest that both ethnicity and gender are important considerations when estimating the influence of the family on delinquent behavior. Theoretical and policy implications of group differences are discussed.