死亡时间——当今中国法医病理学研究的热点及难点

在法医病理学研究的诸多重要问题中,时间问题无疑是其中的一个热点问题,同时也是一个难点问题。法医病理学中的时间问题主要包括:死亡时间、损伤时间、猝死者病理学标本能够诊断的时间(包括发病多久可以诊断及保存多久可以诊断)、水中经过时间等,其中尤其以死亡时间为研究热点。现结合本单位的研究结果,就死亡时间推断问题做一介绍。     

县级公安鉴定机构法医病理学鉴定资格探讨

正我国法医病理学鉴定概况法医病理学是研究涉及法律有关的伤、残、病死的变化及发展的规律,目的是为暴力性案件的侦察或审判提供医学证据,运用相关的医学专业知识解决有关暴力性和非暴力性死亡的死亡征象、死亡原因、死亡方式、死亡时间、死亡地点、个人识别,以及致伤物的推断和确定的一门科学。而法医病理学鉴定指的是法医病理学者对上述问题所做出的结论称为法医     

系统尸体解剖及组织病理学诊断在法医病理学检验中的意义

迄今，在我国除少数地区外，由于多种主客观因素的影响，法医学尸体检验大多仍限于体表检验或局部解剖，这既不利于死因确定、推断死亡时间、判断死亡方式、以及案件的顺利解决，亦不利于法医病理学水平的提高。常易人为地造成部分死亡案例的死因不明或诊断错误。有学者曾统计185例单纯尸表检验的尸体，诊断的错误率达29％[1]。此系法医病理学尸体检验中一严峻问题。为引起同行重视，作者将近年来我系法医病理学尸体检验工作中遇到的部分案例整理报告如下。案例资料案例1．某公路旁发现一无名男尸，当地法医作体表检验见右骼前上嵴、右髋关…     

宝鸡市358例法医送检器官的组织病理学分析

目的 分析法医尸体检验后送检器官的病理学特征,总结此类案件的特点.方法 对宝鸡市法医送检358例尸体解剖器官标本进行常规检查并进行组织病理学诊断. 结果 358例中以青壮年男性为主,死亡原因主要为创伤、猝死、中毒.组织学能明确死亡原因250例,无典型组织学病变101例,组织自溶腐败7例.病理诊断以心血管疾病为主,其次为呼吸、神经、消化系统疾病. 结论 法医解剖具有专业特点,与病理解剖不尽相同.组织病理学检验进行死亡原因诊断时,应积极与法医沟通,以充分掌握案情、死亡经过及特定的法医病理学特征.     

代谢组学技术在法医病理学中的研究进展

代谢组学(metabolomics)是在后基因组学时代兴起的一门跨领域学科,其主要目标是定量研究生命体对外界刺激,病理生理变化,以及本身基因突变而产生的体内代谢物水平的多元动态反应。代谢组学在系统生物学、药物医学、临床医学等方面有着广泛的基础应用研究。在法医学方面,主要集中在法医毒理学研究,但随着技术方法的推广,可以预测其在法医病理学有着广阔的研究前景。本文概括了代谢组学的主要分析技术和方法,叙述了代谢组学技术在法医病理学中的研究现状,主要包括死亡时间和死亡原因,并对以后可能的应用领域进行总结和探讨,希望能为相关研究和应用提供参考。     

300例心源性猝死案例的法医学鉴定分析

目的探讨心源性猝死案例的病因、诱发因素及法医病理学特点,以期为心源性猝死案件的法医病理诊断提供参考。方法收集法医病理检案中的心源性猝死案例,对其年龄、性别、死亡时间、死因、诱因及场所等流行病学特点进行回顾分析。结果 300例心源性猝死案例中男性多于女性,18~45岁发病最多;病因包括冠心病(129例),心肌病(78例),心肌炎(36例)等;应激为SCD最常见的诱发因素(157例)。结论 1应激和冠心病是心源性猝死的重要危险因素。2心源性猝死的法医学鉴定除了要进行系统的尸检及病理学检查外,还要对死者的相关资料如:基础疾病、诱因、死亡时间、死亡经过等进行全面系统的分析以明确死因。     

书讯

<正>由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所黄平、邹冬华主编的《法医病理学研究前沿》已于2015年2月由科学出版社出版发行。该书综合了国内外大量文献资料中的法医病理学研究热点和难点,论述了一大批新技术、新方法、新理论在法医病理学研究、鉴定中的应用情况,对相关研究成果进行了及时总结、归纳与提炼,系统阐述了皮肤损伤时间推断、红外光谱技术、过敏性休克死亡、虚拟解剖、损伤生物力学与交通伤重建、国外法医病理学体制、国外尸体解剖标     

命案中案犯刻画的法医现场勘验

法医在命案侦破中的作用是为侦查提供线索,为诉讼提供证据。命案侦破中最关键的环节是法医对命案现场的勘验和分析,主要包括对血迹的发现和提取．遗留物和附着物等生物检材的搜寻和提取,尸体以及尸体周围相关物品的勘验分析等。这些技术手段在某种意义上已经突破了传统的法医病理学概念,即主要解决死亡原因、死亡时间、死亡性质以及致伤工具等关于受害人的问题,而要通过现场勘验来刻画案犯。即关于案犯的分析。     

虚拟解剖在法医病理学领域的应用现状

虚拟解剖采用了临床医学中常用的CT和MRI用于鉴定死亡原因和死亡方式。虚拟解剖是一种多学科技术,它结合了法医学和病理学、放射学、计算机图形学、生物力学和物理学。虚拟解剖在法医学领域的重要性正在迅速增加,并在法医病理学的多个领域被广泛研究。本文从死亡原因、交通损伤、医疗纠纷、枪弹创、死后变化与死亡时间推断等方面,简述国内外的研究现状,与同行共同探讨虚拟解剖在法医病理学领域的作用。     

20例脂肪栓塞死亡的法医学分析

目的分析脂肪栓塞综合征（fatembolismsyndrome,FES）死亡的一般情况以及法医病理学特点,为此类案件的法医病理学鉴定提供参考。方法选取某大学法医学鉴定中心1999—2012年20例FES死亡案件．对其一般情况及法医病理学特点（包括致伤方式、损伤类型、临床表现、病理学改变等方面）进行总结。结果脂肪栓塞主要见于损伤导致的长骨骨折和全身大面积软组织损伤,主要类型为肺脂肪栓塞,偶见合并脑脂肪栓塞。症状多出现在伤后和术后较短时间内,组织病理学检查可在肺小血管内检见大量脂滴并经特殊染色证实。结论FES死亡案例在损伤类型、脂肪栓塞出现症状时间及组织病理学表现等方面均有一定规律和特点。在鉴定中应注意进行特殊染色（油红0染色）处理,寻找FES的直接证据。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.