有组织犯罪的刑事责任与刑罚问题研究

有组织犯罪已成为各国各地区立法、司法部门以及刑法理论界普遍关注的问题。本文主要就有组织犯罪的刑事责任 ,包括犯罪组织内部个人刑事责任的承担及犯罪组织的刑事责任问题进行了讨论 ,并对我国刑法关于有组织犯罪刑罚的规定提出了一些修改完善的建议。     

犯罪未遂的刑事责任与处罚原则研究

本文从我国的立法例出发,对未遂犯的概念进行了分析,介绍了各国关于未遂犯刑事责任的规定,并从肯定立法例和否定立法例出发,从定罪与量刑方面详谈了犯罪未遂的处罚原则。     

国际航空犯罪法人刑事责任及其国内立法转化研究

2010年《北京公约》和《北京议定书》首次规定了国际航空犯罪法人责任,法人责任以法人的高级管理人员代表法人实施劫持航空器等国际航空犯罪为要件,法人为此承担刑事、民事或行政责任。公约对法人犯罪及其责任的立法需要转化为国内法才能适用。世界各国国内法对法人犯罪及其责任的态度差别较大,英国、加拿大、法国等国刑法规定有航空犯罪的法人刑事责任,德国国内法规定有航空犯罪的法人行政责任,意大利刑法规定有航空犯罪的法人民事责任,我国仅在个别航空犯罪中规定有法人犯罪及其刑事责任。我国法人犯罪及其刑事责任的立法和理论具有较强的包容性,可在我国刑法中取消法人犯罪法定化限制,全面规定包括航空犯罪在内的法人犯罪及其刑事责任。     

醉酒人犯罪的刑事责任问题

我国刑法关于醉酒人犯罪刑事责任的规定尽管简单易于操作,但不加区分地要求所有醉酒人对自己危害社会的行为负完全的刑事责任,有违醉酒人犯罪的复杂性这一客观事实,也存在着将犯罪和刑罚扩大化的可能性。大陆法系中的原因自由行为理论为我们解决醉酒犯罪人负担刑事责任的根据问题提供了一条崭新的思路和途径,国外关于醉酒人犯罪的立法规定对我们也有一定的借鉴作用。我国应在立法上确立一些可供把握的具体标准,以明确不同醉酒状态下的醉酒人的刑事责任能力。     

证券内幕交易中短线交易犯罪的认定与处罚研究

世界各国在刑事立法上一般都强调惩处短线交易犯罪,我国《证券法》也明确规定短线交易属非法行为,造成严重后果的,必须追究刑事责任,我国《刑法》虽然规定了内幕交易罪,但并未详细规定短线交易犯罪,这样便产生了许多值得进一步研究的问题.本文着重从证券内幕交易的视角,对处罚内幕交易犯罪中短线交易和归人权作一专题探讨,以期更好的完善我国内幕交易罪中的短线交易和归人权处罚问题,使得我国证券市场全面均衡和健康发展.     

论澳门特别行政区人体器官买卖立法的借鉴

器官买卖犯罪在近年来有扩大化趋势,而我国大陆刑法在打击此类犯罪的法律规范上还有很多不足.比较各国或区域在该领域的法律规范,不难发现我国澳门特别行政区对有关器官移植犯罪行为规定严密而细致,并且操作性较强,本文旨在通过比较我国大陆和澳门特别行政区在该领域相关法律比较,来明晰我国大陆在打击人体器官买卖犯罪方面立法的不足之处,为我国大陆相关法律的完善指出相应的借鉴.     

略论法人犯罪案件的实际难题和司法对策

一、我国法人犯罪及其刑事责任的立法与研究概况在现代各国刑法和刑法理论中，对法人可否成为犯罪主体及其刑事责任问题，有着不同的规定和主张。大陆法系国家以及各社会主义国家，一般否定法人可以作为犯罪主体并被追究刑事责任；英美法系的主要国家，则倾向于肯定法人可以作为犯罪主体并被追究刑事责任。近年来，也有大陆法系的国家如日本等，在一些单行的经济、行政法律里设立了把法人作为犯罪主体并追究其刑事大任的规定。我国现行刑法典第5条至第8条关于刑法对人的效力，以及第14条至第16条关于犯罪人条件的规定中，都没有承认法人可以…     

对老年人犯罪从宽处理问题的探讨

随着我国老龄化程度不断加深,老年人犯罪问题不容小视。老年人犯罪具有其一定的特殊性,主要表现在成年人进入老年人阶段,自我辨控能力将大大下降,从而做出危害社会的违法犯罪行为。我国刑法对未成年人犯罪规定了从轻从宽原则,却没有系统规定老年人犯罪从宽处理的特殊刑事责任。本文从老年人犯罪的概念、特点等方面着手,针对我国老年人犯罪的立法现状提出了相关见解。     

刑法应对刑事责任能力的上限作出规定

当今,世界上许多国家的刑法对负刑事责任能力的上限均作出了明确规定,但我国刑法中没有上限的规定,实乃立法和司法的缺憾。据预算2025年我国每四个人中将有一个老人,届时老弱病残者犯罪问题也将是一个严重的社会问题。本文认为健康和年龄因素,对老弱病残者犯罪负刑事责任的影响,在立法中应予体现,以促进社会的和谐进步,这也是国情的需要。     

海峡两岸未成年人犯罪刑事责任之比较

有关未成年人犯罪的刑事责任问题是刑法理论的重要内容之一。我国内地与台湾地区针对未成年人犯罪都规定了非刑罚处理方法,但是无论是对绝对不负刑事责任年龄者实施危害行为所规定的非刑罚处理方法,还是对达到刑事责任年龄之未成年人犯罪所规定的非刑罚处罚措施,两岸相关的规定都不尽相同。台湾地区对未成年人犯罪的从宽处理规定得比较具体,在刑罚种类和刑罚裁量的适用等方面也有一些特殊的规定,这些特殊规定对大陆刑法的完善有一定的借鉴意义。     

Stateless Crimes,Legitimacy, and International Criminal Law: The Case of Organ Trafficking

Organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ transplantation are recognized as significant international problems. Yet these forms of trafficking are largely left out of international criminal law regimes and to some extent of domestic criminal law regimes as well. Trafficking of organs or persons for their organs does not come within the jurisdiction of the ICC, except in very special cases such as when conducted in a manner that conforms to the definitions of genocide or crimes against humanity. Although the United States Code characterizes trafficking as “a transnational crime with national implications,” (22 U.S.C. § 7101(b)(24) (2010)), trafficking is rarely prosecuted in domestic courts. It has thus functioned in practice largely as what might be judged a “stateless” offense, out of the purview of both international and national courts. Yet these forms of organ trafficking remain widespread—and devastating to those who are its victims. In this article, we begin by describing what is known about the extent of organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of removal of organs. We then critically evaluate how and why such trafficking has remained largely unaddressed by both international and domestic criminal law regimes. This state of affairs, we argue, presents a missed chance for developing the legitimacy of international criminal law and an illustration of how far current international legal institutions remain from ideal justice.     

论人体器官移植的现代民法理论基础

器官移植是为医疗目的由器官供给人的捐赠行为、专门医疗机构器官摘取的协助行为和植入器官的治疗行为等构成的相互独立、相互联络的关联结合行为。作者从现代民法的角度 ,深入剖析了人体器官移植的理论基础 ,认为活人是具有法律人格的权利主体 ,故具有处置其人格利益的自己决定权 ;遗体和人体器官是物权法的客体 ,归属于生前的本人和继承法理下的其他人 ,在法律限制流通的范围内可由权利人进行处分 ;医方摘取器官行为只是医疗援助行为 ,器官植入行为可适用医疗服务合同法理 ;因存在利益衡量和公序良俗原则下的受害人知情同意 ,所以移植器官行为是阻却违法的行为     

Laypeople's ethical concerns about a New Israeli organ transplantation prioritization policy aimed to encourage organ donor registration among the public

A new policy recently enacted in Israel promises preferred status in receiving organs for transplantation to individuals who register to be organ donors and to their close family members. Proponents believe it will increase the supply of organs for transplantation from the deceased. Ethical issues were raised in government committees appointed to discuss the policy before its approval, but discussions among laypeople were not solicited. This study aimed to elicit laypeople's views about the policy by conducting thirteen group interviews and thirty-six individual interviews. Participants included religious and nonreligious people, immigrants, and Arabs. Some participants thought the law would contribute to fairness by prioritizing those willing to give, but others articulated ethical concerns that were not emphasized by scholars, in particular that the policy would add to the erosion of social solidarity, increase divisiveness, and enable people to abuse the system. Mistrust in the health care system emerged as a prominent reason for not registering as an organ donor. Implications about the importance of transparency in the organ transplantation system as a basis for an information campaign, social norms regarding organ donation, and the public's involvement in policy issues on organ donation are discussed.     

Public education and organ donation: untested assumptions and unexpected consequences

While the number of individuals able to benefit from transplantation increases with technological developments, donation rates remain insufficient to cater for demand. A universal response to the insufficient number of donor organs has been public education to increase knowledge about donation and transplantation, and to encourage individuals to register their wishes about donation. Although education appears to have increased knowledge and encouraged individuals to register their wishes, it has not increased the number of organs available for transplantation. In fact, there is some evidence that encouraging people to register their wishes may be detrimental to increasing net donation rates. The failure of education programs to increase organ donation rates may be due in part to a failure to recognise that attitudes to donation are influenced by complex socio-cultural and personal beliefs, and not simply by knowledge. Research aiming to increase the rate at which organs are procured for donation must recognise that some individuals do not support transplantation and have their own personal reasons for maintaining this position. Educational interventions should not assume that increasing knowledge or simply encouraging individuals to declare a decision about donation will increase consent to donation.     

Blood vessels recovered with organs and intended for use in organ transplantation. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) are amending their regulations to include as part of an organ those blood vessels recovered with the organ that are intended for use in organ transplantation (HRSA regulation); and to exclude such blood vessels from the definition of human cells, tissues, or cellular or tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) (FDA regulation). The purpose of this final rule is to amend the regulations so that blood vessels recovered with organs and intended for use in organ transplantation, and labeled as such, are governed by the regulations pertaining to organs. The regulation of other recovered blood vessels remains unchanged. We (HRSA and FDA) believe that this change will eliminate the burden resulting from an organ procurement organization's efforts to comply with both FDA and HRSA rules with respect to blood vessels (FDA jurisdiction) and organs (HRSA jurisdiction).     

HUMAN TISSUE LEGISLATION AND MEDICAL PRACTICE: A BENEFIT OR A BURDEN?

The scandals surrounding organ removal and retention throughout the United Kingdom provoked several Inquiries and ultimately led to law reform. Although the medical professions were well represented at the Inquiries, little was heard of the voices of those at the 'coal face'. In this scoping study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, we interviewed a number of doctors and others engaged in the uses of human tissue and organs to explore their hopes, concerns and fears about the role of the law in their practices. We found that those involved in transplantation were more aware of, and more actively involve with, the law, whereas others, such as pathologists, had less direct engagement with the law. Most of those we interviewed expressed the hope that law reform would provide much-needed clarity. Although some expressed concern that the law might be over-intrusive, most felt that the placing of authority firmly in the hands of the person him or her self to decide what should happen to their bodies was to be welcomed.     

我国《人体器官移植条例》评析

我国《人体器官移植条例》对有推定同意权的“亲属”的限定范围过窄，阻却了第二、第三顺序亲属实施推定同意的权利；临床应用与伦理委员会未排除实施器官移植专家的参与，可能影响论证结果的客观性，且伦理审查时限不明；在违反《条例》的法律责任中，排除了公民生前未表示不同意捐献人体器官且其家属也未表示同意捐献尸体器官，而对其实施器官摘除的情形。缺失了医疗机构及其医务人员在明知器官来源不合法或实为买卖器官却加以利用并实施器官移植的法律责任。建议尽快根据《条例》制定具体的实施细则，以确保《条例》的正确实施。     

Detection of species of graft in xenotransplants using arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction.

Because of a shortage in the availability of human organs, xenografts have been attempted in humans with cardiac, renal, and hepatic failure, despite limited success. Use of xenografts, however, is regulated under law in various countries. In xenotransplant cases related to violation of transplantation law, determination of species of the source of tissue and organ(s) becomes highly essential. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocols using six sets of arbitrary short-sequenced primers have been standardized for verifying claims of porcine cardiac and renal grafts in human transplantation cases. Six arbitrary primers used were found to generate unique amplicon patterns at 36 degrees C annealing temperature. Among the selected primers, a single primer set having the sequence 5'- GGTGCGGGAA -3' is found to be the most informative in discerning porcine tissue contamination in humans. The patterns obtained were consistent for a particular genome. The grafted organs in the studied case were analyzed to be of porcine origin.     

《刑法修正案(八)》器官犯罪规定之解析

《刑法修正案(八)》第35条增设了有关器官犯罪的规定,其核心内容是新增了一个罪名。该罪名应确定为组织出卖人体器官罪。该罪中的人体器官既包括《人体器官移植条例》所指的器官的全部或者部分,也应包括角膜等人体组织。本罪客观方面表现为组织出卖他人人体器官的行为,主体是一般主体,主观方面是故意。非法摘取活体器官与尸体器官的行为不构成该罪,应视其情况分别认定为故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪或盗窃、侮辱尸体罪。     

Bioethical and legal considerations in increasing the supply of transplantable organs: from UAGA to "Baby Fae"

In the last 35 years, organ transplant technology has advanced greatly. The major problem associated with organ transplantation is organ availability, and not surgery-related mortality. This article examines current organ procurement procedures and technologies, legislative responses to the scarcity of transplantable organs, as well as the psychological barriers to organ donation. Issues of fairness in the allocation of scarce economic and social resources, the role of religion and ethics in organ donation and transplantation decision, and the impact of the media are also considered.