理性的国家与自由的消解——张君劢宪政思想评析

在近代中国自由主义思潮中 ,张君劢试图以理性为基础 ,在权力主义与自由主义 ,计划经济与自由经济政策之间求得一立国之中道 ,但最终在国家、民族利益面前 ,倒向国家权力主义 ,而个人自由则在其“修正的民主政治”与“计划经济”之中面临着消解的危险。     

Liberty in Law

Law and Philosophy -     

自由·人权·法治——人性的解读

自由是基于人类本性的一种需要 ,而人满足需要的特有方式又决定了“凡是自由 ,皆有限度” ;反映人类共有需要的人权 ,不完全等同于可能包含个人特征的“个人权” ,一国人权的具体内容取决于该国最大限度满足公民需要的客观条件 ;以保护、发展基本人权为核心的现代法治必须以反映人类共性的社会基本伦理为基础。     

论伯林的自由观——从两种自由概念谈起

伯林提出了“积极自由”与“消极自由”的著名区分。在深刻剖析了三种不同类型的积极自由观和二十世纪极权主义的逻辑联系的基础上,伯林认为消极自由观是“机会”、“能够”、“可能性”取向的自由观,以区别于“必须”、“应该”取向的积极自由观。但伯林的剔除了自主概念的消极自由观也蕴含了内在的危机。     

论欧洲人权机构对人身自由与安全权的保护

人身自由与安全权是一项重要的基本人权,同时也是实现其他权利的基础.作为<世界人权宣言>发表后诞生的第一个区域性人权保护组织,欧洲人权机构通过其丰富的判例对"人身自由"与"人身安全"内涵作出界定,确立了人身自由与安全权保护的一系列标准,并注重对被依法剥夺人身自由者所享有的权利的保护,但是,欧洲人权机构在保护人身自由与安全权方面存在人权委员会与人权法院对个案的决定相互矛盾的问题,欧洲人权法院对个别案件作出的判决也存在对公约的规定适用不当和对该项权利保护乏力的问题.     

自由

自由是基于人类本性的一种需要,而人满足需要的特有方式又决定了“凡是自由,皆有限度”;反映人类共有需要的人权,不完全等同于可能包含个人特征的“个人权”,一国人权的具体内容取决于该国最大限度满足公民需要的客观条件;以保护、发展基本人权为核心的现代法治必须以反映人类共性的社会基本伦理为基础.     

Conceptions Of Liberty Deprivation

This article adopts a theoretical and comparative perspective on the prisoner's legal status in England and Wales. Applying the principles of human rights, legality and proportionality, it argues that the prisoner's legal status must rest on a divisible conception of liberty. Such a conception must distinguish clearly between the liberty lost, and the rights restricted, by the imposition of the custodial sentence as opposed to the administration of prisons (the key distinction). In order for this to be achieved, the conception of the prisoner's legal status must also establish the purpose or purposes of the custodial sanction as distinct from the purpose of prison administration. Through comparison with Germany, the article demonstrates that the common law concept of the prisoner's legal status is unstable. Vacillating between a divisible and indivisible conception of the prisoner's liberty, the English conception of the prisoner's legal status lacks a foundation firm enough to satisfy the principles of human rights, legality and proportionality.     

论马克思早期的自由观

自由是人类固有的权利.实现自由从来都是人类的理想.正因为自由是一种普遍精神,内在地具有自主性、客观性、能动性、选择性、历史性,以及自发地从事认识、实践和发明创造的性质,具有社会道德和多元价值的含义,因此马克思终生酷爱自由,憎恨剥夺人民群众自由权利的行为,把全部身心都奉献给无产阶级解放事业,以使人类获得真正自由的本性.     

Liberty: human rights and mental health

In this paper, Lord Phillips reflects on the present state of the law relating to mental health; he considers the place of the common law doctrine of necessity as the basis for the detention of patients; he reviews a number of issues arising from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and a number of recent decisions of the Court of Appeal. Finally, he considers the prospects for change in the law foreshadowed in the Government's White Paper on the Reform of Mental Health Law (2000).     

金融自由和安全的法律平衡

自由是金融市场及其法律制度的本性,金融自由就是金融行为自由,从法律制度上就是金融法律行为自由.安全是金融法律的基础性原则.金融自由和金融安全是一对矛盾,法律必须在金融自由和金融安全之间寻求平衡.在我国现阶段,矛盾的主要方面是金融安全,只能在金融安全的前提下逐步放开金融自由的缰绳.     

Litigating Corporate Human Rights Information

This article analyzes trends in litigation brought against corporate actors regarding human rights information. Such information includes, but is not limited to, statements on packaging claiming that products are “ethically sourced” and investor-facing disclosures representing that an issuer's operations are environmentally friendly. It proceeds by outlining the sources of human rights-related disclosures as they arise under both legal and voluntary regimes. The article then addresses the case law. Recent years have seen an increase in lawsuits involving human rights information, or lack thereof, imparted by companies. Consumer protection or consumer fraud cases are being filed, alleging that companies have either provided false and misleading information or omitted information about corporate human rights impacts and mitigation efforts. Investors are filing similar claims. The article examines the trend and considers the role of this litigation both in holding companies to their word and in providing corporate accountability for the underlying human rights abuses that false or misleading human rights information may mask. It ultimately argues that, although success at trial in such cases remains elusive, litigation is a useful and potentially growing tool for holding companies to their word regarding human rights claims. It contextualizes this litigation, arguing that other means by which companies can be held to their word should be strengthened, including public enforcement and—potentially—new disclosure and due diligence laws.     

货币财产权、立法与自由

财产是自由的保障,货币财产权是各种财产权类型中最根本、最重要的一项权利。随着金本位制的废除和信用货币的扩张,货币当局不再受任何外在规则的纪律约束,纸币发行日益泛滥,每每诱发通货膨胀和金融危机,造成人民财富的流失。这种灾难性后果的出现,使得现行货币体制不断遭受来自法律和道德的多重质疑。而修正现行货币体制的首要途径则是通过货币立宪,确认公民的货币财产权和选择自由,并依靠不断勃兴的货币财产权抑制当局的货币公权。     

EU Citizenship and Religious Liberty in an Enlarged Europe

This article intends to contribute to the theoretical debate on how EU citizenship could be regarded as a bundle of common European individual rights (and, to a lesser extent, obligations) and part of a democratic polity in which every citizen counts equally irrespectively of his/her religious belonging and faith. The EU perceives itself as a community based on shared values. Since there is no European people, nor a European polity, common values play a core role in European polity building. The question, however, is whether common values can be experienced by the EU citizens in daily life and to what extent there are common values in the EU Member States. These issues are explored using the non‐discrimination principle on grounds of religion, as a litmus‐test for the existence of common values within Europe.     

论人权原则与政府信息公开

人权原则以及政府信息公开制度的确立,体现了我国法治建设的重大成就和历史性进步。人权原则对政府信息公开制度具有理论和实践指导意义,人权原则在政府信息公开过程中具有抗衡权、正当程序实现权和保护请求权等应然权利。本文将人权原则理念与政府信息公开制度两者联系起来加以考察,以求达到人权原则对政府信息资源运用的理性指导与控制,进而构建政府权威信息源头地位。     

宪法哲学:自由的哲学

宪法哲学是以人为起点并以人为归宿的哲学。一切与人有关的哲学 ,都与人的自由有关 ,因而 ,都可以说是自由的哲学。早期的自由哲学是借助于宪法来谋求其目的的 ;而现代的宪法哲学 ,又往往借助于自由哲学来建构其自身。人的自由状况取决于人的生活方式。普遍的自由只能是一种低度标准的自由 ,低度自由的标准同时也就是有限政府的标准。