电子邮件真实性鉴定方法探索

2012年3月14日通过的《刑事诉讼法》中将“电子数据”确立为一种证据种类。由于电子数据容易复制和修改,通常需要对其进行真实性鉴定后才能作为证据采信。我国电子数据司法鉴定相关技术的研究起步较晚,体系建设不完全。通过选取电子数据真实性鉴定中最常见的电子邮件,结合实际案例中积累的实践经验,对电子邮件真实性鉴定方法进行一系列的探索和归纳．旨在促进行业内技术交流,推进研究成果向实际应用的转化。     

利用邮件头分析电子邮件的真伪

目的通过分析电子邮件头,鉴别电子邮件的真伪,为电子邮件的真实性鉴定提供一些技术方法。方法运用邮件头的关键字段的构建机制对电子邮件的邮件头进行分析处理。结果示例邮件的邮件头的多处关键字段按照邮件传递时间和邮件传递地址的分析,不符合正常规律,系伪造的电子邮件。结论利用邮件头分析电子邮件不仅为确保电子邮件证据的证据效力提供了强有力的支持,也为获取破案的线索提供了条件。     

电子证据的法律问题研究

近几年来,随着电子政务、电子商务的迅猛发展,电子证据作为一种新型的证据形式引起了法学界的争论,司法实践中涉及到电子证据的案件大量出现,如电子签名、电子合同、电子邮件等。本文对电子证据的法律定义、电子证据的法律定位、电子证据的真实性审查、电子证据的立法问题进行了研究。     

数字图像司法鉴定相关技术研究

随着数字图像在生活和工作中的大量运用,各种图像编辑软件和处理工具层出不穷,数字图像易获取、易编辑、易修改的特性使其面临着被随意篡改和伪造的威胁。自电子数据作为法定证据以来,数字图像在司法领域的应用越来越广泛,数字图像的司法鉴定问题也引发了社会的广泛关注。本文主要对数字图像的原始性鉴定、真实性鉴定、完整性鉴定进行研究,以期为数字图像司法鉴定实践提供理论依据。     

试述电子邮件的证据属性及质证规则

随着计算机技术的普及。包括电子邮件在内的电子证据形式也越来越多的出现在诉讼过程中，因此，我国在2012年新修订的《民事诉讼法》及《刑事诉讼法》中新增了“电子数据”这一证据形式，但是，立法并未对“电子数据”的含义作出明确规定，对于其中应该包括的电子邮件的相应认定规则也没有具体规定，总体来说，电子邮件应该属于一种与书证相似的电子证据，在质证时，应该依据其特殊属性，并区分当事人质疑的事项而对其客观性进行分析判断。     

网络时代的新型证据在案件审判中的适用——中国平安财保北京分公司诉艾派克斯公司海上货物运输合同案

网络证据是网络时代的新型证据。该证据不同于视听资料，它不仅具有强烈的技术性，而且唯一性特征模糊，易于伪造，具有易失性，不能自证其客观真实性。在司法实践中，如何审查和认定网络证据，是一个极待探讨和急需解决的问题     

网络证据的证据能力认证规则研究

关联性、真实性、合法性是审查判断证据能力的三个基本点,由于网络证据是在网络条件下存在的证据,对于网络证据关联性的审查判断标准,应当通过证据法学理论的形式存在和发展;网络证据真实性的审查判断应遵循拟制真实性规则、推定真实性规则、鉴定真实性规则;网络证据合法性的审查判断则应主要关注非法证据排除规则的问题。     

论民事诉讼中电子数据的运用规则

2012年《民事诉讼法》的修改,使电子数据作为民事诉讼法中一种独立的证据方法的地位得以确立.但由于现有证据制度框架内缺少对实物证据真实性进行证明的方法和程序,使得在运用电子数据这一动态、海量以及严重依赖程序系统的证据方法时无法充分发挥其证明作用.要解决民事诉讼中运用电子数据力不从心的状况,必须针对电子数据的特性,确立证明其真实性的方法,并藉此解决电子数据的出示形式和程序,以使电子数据这一越来越广泛出现的证据方法在民事诉讼中能发挥其自身的独特作用.     

应当由谁来作出处理决定？

问:在医疗事故处理过程中,病人或其家属对病案的真实性提出异议,该病案可否作为医疗事故技术鉴定依据之一?答:根据《医疗事故处理办法》第八条的规定,发生医疗事故或事件的医疗单位,应指派专人妥善保管好有关的各种原始资料。这是因为原始资料是病情发展的真实记录,是认证医疗过失的重要依据。所以,任何单位和个人不得以任何理由徐改、伪造、隐匿和销毁病案。病人或其家属有证据认为病案经过了涂改、伪造的,可以口头或书面形式向医疗事故技术鉴定委员会提出文检申请,医疗事故技术鉴定委员会认为有必要的,可以委托有权鉴定的部门进行鉴定。文检费暂由提出异议的病人或其家属一方支付。经鉴定,确有涂改、伪造行为的,文检费用由医疗单位负     

Micro-ATR技术对书写笔痕的鉴别

前言 在物证检验中,经常遇到用圆珠笔涂改、伪造合同书、票证、单据和契约等案件。对这类案子的侦破除了需要对纸张、笔迹进行鉴定外,还需要对圆珠笔油进行鉴定,以获得直接证据。但对文件上书写笔痕(圆珠笔油)的无损检测并非易事。     

利益衡量及其理论的反思——一个经济分析的视角

利益衡量理论指出,法官裁判中存在实质性判断且也应该进行利益衡量,但它却未能对如何进行实质裁量提供有效的标准与知识。相关标准或理论不但不具有可操作性,且遮蔽了问题的本原,容易使法官陷入"左右为难"的困境,做出错误的选择。与之相对,经济分析理论却有助于帮助法官将实质裁量的依据集中到不同选择的一般性社会后果上,且为后果的预测及评价提供了更为有效的知识与标准。     

在民事诉讼中鉴定结论证明力之比较分析

在民事诉讼中,如何对结论冲突的司法鉴定进行证明力的比较,经常是法官必须面对的一个难题。在赋予一个鉴定结论以优势证据的地位之前,法官既要进行鉴定结论外在证明力的比较,又要注重鉴定结论内在证明力的比较,更要强调鉴定结论证明力的综合比较。当外在证明力和内在证明力的指向发生矛盾时,内在证明力的指向应当起到决定性作用。     

试论专家在司法鉴定中的角色定位

作为科学、技术或其他专门知识的“载体”,专家在诉讼中的职能越来越广泛.由于诉讼模式的差异,专家在诉讼解决专门性问题时具有不同的角色定位.当事人主义诉讼模式下,专家被视为当事人的证据方法;职权主义诉讼模式下,专家充当法官的辅助人.在两大法系相互借鉴和融合中,专家兼具当事人证据方法和法官辅助人的角色.我国鉴定制度带有浓厚的职权主义色彩,鉴定人在诉讼中扮演着“专门性问题法官”的角色.我国应借鉴德国和日本的做法,将鉴定人定位为法官的辅助人兼当事人的证据方法,从厘清鉴定启动权、鉴定实施权、鉴定意见审查权的性质及相互关系入手,完善我国司法鉴定制度.     

裁判请求权保障与法院审判人员的优化配置

在实行法官员额制改革过程中,必须一并考虑法院审判人员的分类管理和优化配置问题。在民事诉讼中,为保障公民的裁判请求权,对于民事纠纷案件的审理,必须配置入额法官;对于非讼案件的审理、诉前或审前的法院调解以及立案登记等程序事项的处理应交由司法实务官进行,从而让法官专注于民事纠纷案件的审判,以更好地落实公民的裁判请求权保障之宪法理念。司法事务官不同于助理审判员,其不能审理所有的民事案件;司法事务官也不同于法官助理,司法事务官不是法官的助手,其可以依法独立行使职权。司法事务官不是宪法意义上的处理民事纠纷的法官,司法事务官不必进入法官员额。     

司法调解中的法官修辞及其对司法公信力的影响简

在当前社会矛盾凸显时期,司法调解在纠纷解决机制中占有越来越重要的地位。作为言辞说服艺术的调解,离不开修辞技巧的使用。法官在司法调解中合理使用各种修辞方法,既能够有效说服当事人顺利接受调解结果,又能够有效执行法院的社会治理功能,有助于司法公信力的提高。但法官掌握调解和修辞技巧的能力,只是影响纠纷能否有效解决的一方面因素,更重要的影响因素是法官运用修辞调解纠纷的主观姿态。当务之急是加强法官职业道德教育,提升法官人格,确保每个法官都能秉承善意运用修辞调解纠纷,才能真正有助干司法公信力的提高。     

A Systematic Observational Study of a Juvenile Drug Court Judge

The shift of the juvenile justice system from its initial rehabilitative ideal toward a more punitive orientation highlights the need to systematically document key elements of the juvenile drug court model. In particular, it is important to clearly document the role of the juvenile court judge because he or she is considered vital to this program model. The current study used participant observation as well as confidential questionnaires on which youth shared their perceptions of the judge. Findings show the judge‐participant interactions typically were brief, varied by the participants' level of compliance with the program, and that sanctions were given twice as often as rewards. Youth perceived the judge to be fair, respectful, and concerned about their lives. Discussion focuses on the significant opportunity that juvenile drug court judges have for positively influencing the lives of drug‐involved youth.     

Not guilty? Another look at the nature and nurture of economics students

In this paper, we re-examine students’ attitudes towards various allocation mechanisms for a scarce resource. For this purpose, we have run a survey among officers of the German military who are enrolled in different courses of study (such as economics) at the University of the German Federal Armed Forces. We find that significantly more students who are enrolled in economics courses judge price increases as fair than students enrolled in other courses. Moreover, this tendency strengthens the more training in economics the students receive. In addition, fewer students with advanced economic education judge allocation through the local community as fair when compared to first-year students in economics courses or other students. These results stand in contrast to results obtained by Frey et al. (J Econ Educ, 24:271–281, 1993) on the same survey. In summary, we find evidence for both nature and nurture effects.     

An economic approach on countering the misuse of the right to challenge judges: an experiment

Parties can challenge a judge (request a recusal) when they have reasons to believe that a judge is not impartial. In practice this procedure is sometimes abused by lawyers who, for example, want to delay proceedings. Countries have taken different measures to deter the improper use of the procedure to request a recusal, like fines for dismissed requests, or immediately dismissing evidently unfounded requests. In a laboratory experiment we examine the effects of a summary review whether a challenge is evidently unfounded, with or without fines. We find that a review without fine improves legal protection in practice as well as efficiency by reducing unfounded challenges and increasing challenges that have a substantial chance of success. Overall the number of challenges declines. With a fine, challenges decline, but also legal protection.     

“I (can) see myself… But what for?” On Live Camera Feeds in Courtrooms (from the Perspective of Witnesses)

The paper’s aim is to present and critically discuss a peculiar practice noticed and studied in courtrooms in the Lower Court in Kraków, Poland. In courtrooms where different hearings take place, two cameras are installed on the wall or on the stand near the judge’s bench. One camera is aimed at the center of the courtroom, where non-professional participants such as witnesses or plaintiffs stand while being questioned by judge. The second camera’s view is more general—it covers the rest of the courtroom, including the benches for plaintiffs, claimants, defendants, and their legal representatives, and most notably the general public. Naturally, the mere presence of cameras in the modern courtroom is not surprising. What raises some questions is the presence of TV screens in the Kraków Lower Court’s courtrooms (and in Poland’s courts in general), which display the feed from both cameras during the hearing. Consequently, people gathered in the courtroom, especially people questioned by the judge (such as witnesses), can see themselves “live” in the TV screen. Even without raising the subtle details and differences between individual courtrooms, the system of displaying, in real time, live video feeds from a courtroom into the same courtroom begs for more detailed, critical analysis. For instance, one should address the system’s (presumably intended) functions (e.g. transparency, behavior control, and correction of time perception) and the real consequences for the dynamics during hearings, which are not assumptions or hypotheticals. The paper distinguishes the issues connected with the system and addressees them through the perspective of witnesses who participate in the hearings, using the collected opinions of witnesses.