主流媒体话语表征中农民工阶层的形象意义

农民工群体是城市中的生存特殊群体，他们既不属于城市人也不属于农村人的特殊地位使其处于城市和农村的夹缝之中。在融入城市的过程中，他们经历着多重的尴尬和矛盾。而城市人也对他们有着各种各样的看法和偏见。这种看法直接影响农民工群体在城市中的生存状态。作为我国发展过程中重要的新移民群体，农民工与城市人融合程度不可避免地受到城市媒体的影响。主流媒体话语中的农民工表征，对于人们头脑中的农民工阶层的形象意义的建构具有重要影响。     

农民工二代移民的后义务教育

农民工二代移民对城市融入有着强烈的诉求,接受后义务教育是他们融入城市的必要途径。目前,流入地城市政策接纳程度有限,农民工二代移民难以获取后义务教育机会,出现身份认同危机和经济整合困难,导致城市融入难以实现。要解决这一问题,长远措施应是深化户籍制度改革,保障农民工二代移民后义务教育机会均等,过渡性措施则是逐步开放流入地城市高中阶段教育并建立健全农民工二代移民职业培训体系。     

从季节性流动到劳动力移民:城市农民工群体的分化及其系统构成

长期以来,学术界对城市农民工的研究多半局限于“流动人口”的范畴,认为农民进城经商务工只不过是为了追求一时的经济报酬而暂时来到城市。然而,经过20多年的改革开放,他们在心理和行为上都产生了长期移居城市的愿望,许多人还在城市中获得了稳定的收入和相对固定的住所,实际上已经成为城市新的劳动力移民群体。这些劳动力新移民是在城乡比较差异和移民政策的社会与制度性背景下,依赖于劳动者个体的人力资本,通过一系列连续的社会网络的综合运作而实现的。     

信任视角下农民工熟人社会网络延续的生成逻辑及其影响——基于对沈阳市S社区的调查

本文从信任视角出发,探讨农民工熟人社会网络延续的生成逻辑及其影响,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议.通过调查发现,农民工在城市中陷入了一种发展困境,这种困境源于农民工在城市中的熟人社会网络延续,这主要源于初级群体的特性;弱势群体地位的影响;一种社会距离的自觉生成;农民工的社会污名化;农民工对城市社会风险的自觉规避:信任机制的缺失.     

新生代农民工城市融入现状分析及对策研究——基于对武汉市两代农民工的调查

2010年中央1号文件首次提出“新生代农民工”问题,凸显了农民工问题的新特征以及探讨和解决农民工融入城市问题的迫切性。新生代农民工与第一代农民工具有明显不同的群体特征,在融入城市进程中既具有自身的优势,也具有农民工惯有的认知障碍。消除居住分离,搭建社区交流平台,取消“农民工”身份称谓,加强群际接触,是引导新生代农民工融入城市的有效措施。     

关于农民工社会保险模式选择及其实现途径的思考

农民工是我国工业化和城市化发展过程中出现的特殊劳动群体,他们为城市繁荣和农村发展作出了重大的贡献,但是却没有享受到相应的社会保障。在坚持以人为本构建和谐社会的进程中,解决农民工社会保障问题,应该以推进农民工进入社会保险覆盖为重点。认真研究目前我国农民工社会保险建设不适应社会要求问题,准确把握农民工的身份和群体特征,选择科学的农民工社会保险制度模式,并设计好制度实现途径,是解决问题的有效办法。     

中国社会政策调整与农民工城市融入

农民工群体正在发生整体性变迁,应加快"事实城市化"、"事实市民化"的进程。从社会政策角度看,农民工处于"半城市化"状态的关键在于,其融入社会的公平性存在诸多问题。不仅如此,中国社会政策对于农民工群体还存在较为严重的缺位,即使涵盖农民工的社会政策,很多也没有得到很好落实。农民工现在与城市社会之间出现种种张力,给当前社会政策提出许多新的挑战。加快社会政策的整体性改革和创新,构建以社会公正为机制的社会主义公民权体系,是解决农民工问题的不二选择。     

新农村建设中的城市政府

新农村建设向城市政府职能转变与创新提出了新要求。在乡镇企业吸收农业劳动力作用日渐式微的背景下,城市已成为农业劳动力转移的主要方向。为此,城市政府需要制定非歧视性的就业政策以促进农业劳动力转移,按照比例原则制定城市管理政策以降低农民工的城市生活成本,构建社会政策体系以推进农民工公民权的获得,以及帮助农民工获得现代性。总之,城市政府要通过综合配套改革推动农民工的市民化进程。城市政府的职能转变与创新,迫切需要各层级政府尤其是中央政府在制度、政策上给予支持与配合,以实现不同区域、不同层级政府间职能的有效衔接。     

从走出去到留下来——农民工诉求的新变化

农村实行家庭联产承包责任制之后,劳动效率大大提高,农村剩余劳动力逐渐进入城市,获得了新的身份"农民工"。但随着农民工群体的自身变化,以及社会环境的变化,农民工进城不再仅仅是为了生存,他们开始思考"发展"的问题。留在城市,获得市民身份,是农民工的新追求。     

农民工就业难在哪

目前,农民工就业难以及保障的缺失问题已经成为整个社会关注的话题。受教育程度不足导致自身就业选择空间的狭小、现代科技发展与产业结构调整所造成的就业岗位减少、城乡二元结构的限制造成的身份尴尬而难以被城市完全接纳,是造成农民工就业难、就业不充分、就业质量不高的主要原因。应下大力气妥善解决农民工就业难题,着力构建令农民工群体充满现实获得感的新时代充分就业新局面。     

Transplanted Wenzhou Model and Transnational Ethnic Economy: experiences of Zhejiangcun's Wenzhou migrants and Wangjing's Chaoxianzu (ethnic Korean Chinese) migrants in Beijing

This paper explores why Zhejiangcun's Wenzhou migrants and Wangjing's Chaoxianzu migrants were able to maintain and actively restructure their settlements in Beijing while Beijing's other migrant settlements either disappeared or were forced out from their original locations. Highlighting the role of the Wenzhou model in Zhejiangcun and that of the transnational ethnic ties in Wangjing, this research illustrates how certain rural migrants emerged as a new social group by utilizing their cultural capital based on native-place and ethnic ties and newly found economic power. The present study examines the urban space of Zhejiangcun and Wangjing where alternative sources of economic power and social networks were created and utilized and therefore offers a unique perspective by locating a specifically-founded ethnographic analysis within the general debate on the restructuring of post-reform urban space.     

城市建设拆迁中的利益冲突及其调整

人们对水库、大坝移民给予了极大的关注,而城市建设拆迁引起的移民一直被忽视。城市建设,引起大量房屋拆迁,不可避免地引发拆迁冲突。运用利益冲突原理,换位在移民的角度,对城市建设拆迁中的利益相关者进行识别和分析,在政府角色定位、市场契约机制、法律选择、项目社会评价制度等方面或许能有新的思路,提出相应的调整机制:     

Village to Distant Village: the opportunities and risks of long-distance marriage migration in rural China

Recently much attention has focused on the rising tide of rural to urban migration in China. Some of this migration is inter-provincial, and some is merely a shift to the nearest big town or city. Much less is known about the effects of long-distance marriage between rural areas. This type of migration does not entail a shift to urban household registration, nor does it involve adaptation to city living. Distant rural migration is a phenomenon that often includes risk-taking women who marry into distant regions seeking a better life, or better opportunities, compared to their natal village. Yet these migrants typically remain farmers. Based on fieldwork in rural Henan and Yunnan I discuss cases of village women and men who had married at great distance from their natal kin. I observe some of the effects of family separation and social strategies adopted by migrants in rural settings. Much as urban migrants often face a world of uncertainties, those who migrate long-distance to other rural communities face a world of strangers with little legal or social protection.     

Urban Residents’ Prejudice and Integration of Rural Migrants into Urban China

Using data from a 2011 national household survey, this study examines the factors shaping urban residents’ prejudice toward rural-to-urban migrants and the impacts of prejudice on rural migrants’ integration into urban communities. The author addresses the endogeneity of the prejudice variable by employing an instrumental variable method. The results show that urban residents with higher education and household income report stronger prejudice. Also, urban residents with urban hukou at birth are more prejudiced toward rural migrants. Given that hukou status at birth is tied to parental hukou status, this result implies that prejudice can be transferred across generations. With regards to rural migrants’ integration into urban communities, high levels of prejudice in one’s current county of residence reduces perceived social standing of rural migrants and increases the number of livelihood problems they encounter. The author also conducts a falsification test, which provides support that the effect of urban residents’ prejudice on rural migrants’ integration is causal.     

Migration and Health Constraints in China: a social strata analysis

Given the massive scale of internal migration in China, access to health services and other health issues not only matter to rural–urban migrants but also have important implications to broad public health concerns. Based on a case study of a particular migrant enclave in Beijing, the study investigates issues concerning environmental health risks of migrants, their health seeking behaviours, and the constraints they encountered in accessing health services with respect to the social strata among migrants. It is argued that the main obstacles to accessing health services are not only the shortage of financial resources among rural–urban migrants, but lie in the institutional blind spot regarding health security provision, rural–urban dualism and a unique household registration system in China. Implications for policy changes are also discussed.     

三峡移民的社会适应策略

移民搬迁到一个陌生的地方,往往面临着生理、心理和社会适应等方面的压力,面临的是一个崭新的环境,从陌生到熟悉,再到适应并完全融入到其中,这是个漫长而艰难的过程,也是个再社会化的过程。三峡移民在社会适应问题上采取了几种策略:一是资源的运用与再生,二是"类型化"知识与情境建构,三是依靠代理人实现利益诉求。这可以概括为"双重适应策略"。移民会从多方面主动地对原有的行为方式和因素进行调整、改变乃至创新,以适应变迁。     

移民身份认同研究——对三峡库区两个案例的解读

三峡库区移民工程已经进入到后期扶持阶段,早期移民的生产生活状况日益成为移民研究的重点.本文基于实地调查的经验感受,从社会性别的视角,运用社会认同理论,分析农村妇女移民这一特殊群体的身份认同.文章认为,农村妇女移民在搬迁地的身份关系及其背后的规则认同已经多元化,农村妇女身份认同的显著性程度与经济利益、网络结构、家庭出身等因素相关,这决定了她们是采取参与还是依赖策略去寻求自己的生存点,筹划自己的生活.     

The Hukou Converters—China's lesser known rural to urban migrants

This article studies people born in rural China who now live in urban areas of China and possess a residence permit, an urban hukou; these are the hukou converters and they are examined using large datasets covering substantial parts of China in 2002. According to our estimates, there are 107 million hukou converters constituting 20% of the registered population of China's urban areas. Presence of a high employment rate in the city, that the city is small or medium-sized, and that the city is located in the middle or western part of China are factors which cause the ratio of hukou converters in the registered city population to be comparatively high. The probability of becoming a hukou converter is strongly linked to having parents with relatively high human and social capital and belonging to the ethnic majority. Compared to their rural-born peers left behind, as well as to migrants who have kept their rural hukou, the hukou converters have much higher per capita household incomes. Years of schooling and CPC membership contribute to this difference but most of the difference remains unexplained in a statistical sense, signalling large incentives to urbanise as well as to receive an urban hukou. While living a very different life from their peers left behind, the economic circumstances of China's hukou converters at the destination are, on average, similar to the urban-born population. Hukou converters who receive an urban hukou before age 25 do well in the labour market and we have reported indications that they actually overtake urban-born peers regarding earnings. In contrast, hukou migrants who receive an urban hukou after age 25 do not catch up with their urban-born counterparts in terms of earnings.     

流动人口的特点及其发展趋势--以浙江省绍兴县为例

人口流动是一种自然而正常的经济社会生活现象。浙江省绍兴县的流动人口有四大发展趋势,其中,迁徙和居留自由是大势所趋。随着社会经济的发展,流动人口的规模仍将持续扩大,跨境跨国流动和"逆向流动"将快速增长;流动人口在城市居留的时间将持续延长,家庭化、城市化、市民化进程将不断加快;流动人口将从以劳动力为主向以人才为主转变,总体结构将向更高层次发展。