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1.
This experiment drew upon theoretical perspectives on group and system justification to examine whether exposure to media
coverage arguing that racism was responsible for the ineffective Hurricane Katrina disaster response affected White and Black
Americans’ intergroup attitudes. Consistent with a system justification perspective, Whites exposed to video clips arguing
that the hurricane Katrina disaster response was due to racism displayed greater racial ingroup attachment and ingroup love
compared to Whites exposed to videos conveying that the government’s incompetence was to blame for the disaster response.
In contrast, Blacks displayed strong levels of ingroup attachment and ingroup love across both video conditions. This research
highlights how insights from social psychology are valuable in understanding psychological responses to social justice-related
events, such as the tragic response to hurricane Katrina.
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2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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3.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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4.
Research has primarily examined supervisors and coworkers as sources of unfair interpersonal treatment (i.e., interactional
injustice) in the workplace. Unfair treatment, however, can also originate with customers. Using a cross-sectional, correlational
research design ( N = 172), we examined the associations among customer injustice, employee job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Drawing
on relational theories of fairness, we also examined whether employees who more strongly define themselves through their interpersonal
relationships (i.e., those with stronger interdependent self-construals) would exhibit stronger injustice-attitudes associations.
Results showed that, overall, greater injustice was associated with lower job satisfaction but not greater turnover intentions.
Moreover, as expected, the strength of employees’ interdependent self-construals moderated the injustice-attitudes relations:
Relationship-oriented employees showed significant associations between injustice and both job satisfaction and turnover intentions,
whereas those with weaker relationship orientations did not. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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5.
Few criminal justice topics have garnered as much attention as capital punishment. This voluminous literature ranges from
constitutional and procedural issues to race issues and gender issues. While the intellectual and legal community has paid
a great deal of attention to the role of race in capital punishment, as well as the role of gender in capital punishment,
the extant literature is lacking with regard to African-American women and the death penalty. To be clear, the lack of literature
is not because there are no African-American women on death row. This article attempts to fill a void in the capital punishment
literature through a qualitative analysis that explores the lives and crimes of African-American women on death row.
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6.
This article analyzes the investigation and prosecution of contemporary Chinese criminal organizations through the study of
one major human smuggling case: the trial of “Sister Ping.” Data were obtained from media reports, court documents, and from
interviews with parties familiar with the case. It is argued that modern human smuggling groups such as the one run by Sister
Ping are informal and decentralized organizations against which the RICO statute may be of little use.
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7.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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8.
Two different notions of justice might motivate people to demand punishment of an offender. The offense could be seen as lowering
the victim’s and community’s status/power position relative to the offender, requiring a degradation of the offender to restore
a moral balance (just desert). Or, the offense could be seen as questioning community values, requiring a reaffirmation of
those values through social consensus (value restoration). Two studies referring to tax evasion and social welfare fraud yielded
supportive evidence. Just desert was related to traditional punishment, especially when participants did not identify with
a relevant inclusive community (Australians). Value restoration was related to alternative (restorative) punishment, especially
when community values were regarded as diverse and requiring consensualization. It tended to be related to traditional punishment
when community values were regarded as clear and consensual.
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9.
Most proponents of restorative justice admit to the need to find a well defined place for the use of traditional trial and
punishment alongside restorative justice processes. Concrete answers have, however, been wanting more often than not. John
Braithwaite is arguably the one who has come the closest, and here I systematically reconstruct and critically discuss the
rules or principles suggested by him for referring cases back and forth between restorative justice and traditional trial
and punishment. I show that we should be sceptical about at least some of the answers provided by Braithwaite, and, thus,
that the necessary use of traditional punishment continues to pose a serious challenge to restorative justice, even at its
current theoretical best.
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10.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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11.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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12.
Our purpose in this paper is to consider a procedural objection to the death penalty. According to this objection, even if
the death penalty is deemed, substantively speaking, a morally acceptable punishment for at least some murderers, since only
a small proportion of those guilty of aggravated murder are sentenced to death and executed, while the majority of murderers
escape capital punishment as a result of arbitrariness and discrimination, capital punishment should be abolished. Our targets
in this paper are two recent attempts, by Thomas Hurka and Michael Cholbi respectively, to defend the view that ‘levelling
down’ (that is, reducing the punishment imposed on a criminal from the punishment he absolutely deserves to a less severe
punishment in order to achieve proportionality relative to the criminals who have escaped the punishment they absolutely deserve)
is, in the context of capital punishment, morally permissible. We argue that both Hurka and Cholbi fail to show why the arbitrariness
and discrimination objection impugns the death penalty.
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13.
The standard view of Kant’s retributivism, as well as its more recent reworking in the ‘limited’ or ‘partial’ retributivist
reading are, it is argued here, inadequate accounts of Kant on punishment. In the case of the former, the view is too limited
and superficial, and in the latter it is simply inaccurate as an interpretation of Kant. Instead, this paper argues that a
more sophisticated and accurate rendering of Kant on punishment can be obtained by looking to his construction of the concept
of justice. In so doing, not only is a superior account of Kant furnished, but also one up to the task of resolving the vexed
issue of justifying legal punishment.
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14.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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15.
Seeking a grounding in Buchanan (Cost and choice: an inquiry in economic theory, 1969) subjective theory of opportunity cost,
this paper sets out to fix a notional locus of the law in order to determine the cost of law enforcement. The paper also explores
the impact of unlawful activities on the economy and analyses the evolution of individual criminal activities in collective
criminal organizations such as the mafia.
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16.
Implicit outgroup favoritism has been documented in a variety of socially disadvantaged groups, yet little is known about
the implications of having such bias. The present research examined whether implicit outgroup favoritism predicts judgments
of ingroup versus outgroup members, and whether that relationship depends on stereotypic context. One hundred and ten African-American
participants were assigned a Black versus a White work partner for a task that required skills that are stereotypically White
(e.g., intellect) versus Black (e.g., athleticism). Participants rated Black partners as less competent than White partners
on the stereotypically White task. Furthermore, participants who implicitly favored Whites liked Black partners less than
White partners, but only on the stereotypically White task. Implications for system justification theory are discussed.
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17.
This paper presents a study on the self-reported usage and attitudes toward corporal punishment (CP) by a four generation
sample of Jewish families in Jerusalem. The study included 655 participants: 200 adolescents, 208 young mothers, 199 old mothers,
and 48 grandmothers, and tested for inter-generational and familial role differences. Results have shown that participants’
attitudes toward CP correlates significantly with age group; however, it does not correlate with family role. Implications
of the results for practitioners who seek to reduce usage of CP are suggested.
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18.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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19.
Evidence relevant to claims of self-control theory concerning the connection between social integration and crime/deviance
is offered. Using data from a survey of the population of a southwestern city that permit measurement of two types of social
integration, including socially supportive networks, we (1) investigate the association between self-control and social integration,
and (2) attempt to ascertain if social integration is associated with misbehavior independently of self-control. Results suggest
that self-control is a persistent predictor of misconduct that operates independently of social integration. Although interpersonal
social integration appears to stand alone in its association with deviance, community integration shows no relationship with
self-control or misbehavior.
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20.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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