浅议低碳专利技术的强制许可制度

为解决全球气候问题,共享低碳专利技术成为关键要素."共同而有区别的责任"分配原则下,强制许可低碳专利技术成为解决发达国家不实际履行转让专利技术的有效途径.低碳专利技术的强制许可保护了人权的基本权利--环境权,国际条约的专利强制许可规定及药品专利强制许可的确立使低碳技术强制许可的实现具有合法性、合理性及可行性.     

专利强制许可制度的利益平衡

专利强制许可不是专利制度中的新概念,但却是一个一直存有争议的规定。强制许可是指授予专利权的国家在特定情形下批准专利权人之外的其他人使用该专利,而不需专利权人的同意。强制许可限制了专利权人自愿许可专利实施的权利,在没有专利权人同意甚至专利权人反对的情况下,许可其他人实施其专利,此时专利权人与公众间的利益平衡成为专利强制许可制度设计时需予以考虑的问题。     

当前低碳经济发展困境及我国低碳经济发展的法律保障简

发展低碳经济已成为世界各国的主流意识形态和价值现.低碳经济有着独特的优势和巨大的市场潜力,已成为世界经济发展的热点和重心.然而在国际上,由于碳减排义务的分担存在分歧以及欧盟碳交易市场的低速而使低碳经济深陷困境.我国低碳经济建设迫切而任重,结合我国低碳经济发展的现实,构建完善的法律框架和相应的配套保障制度是必由之路.     

论环境法治保障下的低碳经济发展之路

地球生态环境的日趋恶化,已影响到人类的生存和可持续发展,对此各国都已经关注。为应对全球变暖而提出的可持续发展经济,低碳经济已成为世界各国所认同的经济发展模式,同时,低碳经济也给我国环境法治建设带来了新的挑战,发展低碳经济是实现生态文明建设的内在要求,而走低碳发展道路,环境法治建设是保障,我们应完善环境法治,以促进低碳经济发展。本文从发展低碳经济必要性出发,介绍了目前完善环境法治和发展低碳经济所面临的问题,并提出了发展低碳经济的具体路径。     

论低碳技术创新的知识产权制度回应

低碳技术是当前技术发展的重点方向之一。知识产权制度理应有所回应。在知识产权创造上,建议针对低碳技术的一些技术领域试行依请求的加快审查制度;在知识产权运用上,建议完善针对低碳技术的强制许可制度,并且强化低碳技术标准化进程中的反垄断规制;在知识产权的保护和管理上,进一步完善资助制度以及风险预警制度。     

《专利法》修订中的强制许可

专利权人获得专利后．即拥有了对实施和允许他人实施其发明创造的排他权利。但是．实施专利既是专利权人的权利．也是专利权人的义务。如果专利权人不实施专利，却利用专利权形成的垄断阻碍他人实施其专利．则是一种滥用专利权的行为。允许国家专利主管机关在一定条件下颁发专利强制许可．可以防止专利权人不合理地行使其独占权，维护国家和公众的利益，增进公共福利。     

美国元效专利滥用判例及其对我国的启示

专利制度的本质在于通过赋予专利权人一定期间内的垄断权而使其获得高额的经济利益回报,从而激发其科技创新的积极性,最终使得社会大众能够享受到更多的科技进步带来的诸多惠益。专利制度的设计讲究专利权人和社会公众之间利益的平衡,对于符合专利授权各个条件的有效专利支付专利使用费是合理的,符合该利益平衡原则,能够为公众所接受;但是要求对于不符合专利     

我国低碳经济发展的思路及对策

当今,全球气候变暖威胁着人类的生存和发展,环境问题更主要地表现为大气中二氧化碳浓度升高带来的全球气候恶化。在这样时代新背景下,低碳经济应运而生。但是,对于低碳经济的认识人们还存在认识误区,我国在发展低碳经济过程中也存在很多问题。本文将在对低碳经济的内涵、认识误区以及存在的问题进行分析并提出对策建议。     

论低碳发展与我国专利法的完善

专利制度在实现低碳发展、促进低碳技术创新方面具有重要作用。基于低碳发展的理念,有必要对专利法有关内容进行梳理,从促进低碳技术创新、发展低碳经济的视角,研究建立低碳控制的一般条款、专利保护对象、可专利性条件、专利申请的形式、强制许可和国家推广使用等方面涉及低碳控制的内容,提出修改我国专利法的具体建议。     

专利权人提起侵权诉讼应考虑的问题

问:众所周知,专利权是一种具有财产权性质的私权,专利权人在对其专利进行排他性实施的过程中通常都会获得经济利益,正因为这种经济利益的存在,又使许多期望不劳而获者走上了侵犯他人专利权之路。面对着他人的侵权行为,作为专利权人在准备提起专利侵权诉讼之前,应该注意什么问题呢?     

Diffusion in Homicide: Exploring a General Method for Detecting Spatial Diffusion Processes

This article proposes a new method for examining dynamic changes in thespatial distribution of a phenomenon. Recently introduced exploratoryspatial data analysis (ESDA) techniques provide social scientists with anew set of tools for distinguishing between random and nonrandom spatialpatterns of events (Anselin, 1998). Existing ESDA measures, however, arestatic and do not permit comparisons of distributions of events in the samespace but across different time periods. One ESDA method—the Moranscatterplot—has special heuristic value because it visually displayslocal spatial relationships between each spatial unit and its neighbors. Weextend this static cross-sectional view of the spatial distribution ofevents to consider dynamic features of changes over time in spatialdependencies. The method distinguishes between contagious diffusion betweenadjoining units and hierarchical diffusion that spreads broadly throughcommonly shared influences. We apply the method to homicide data, lookingfor evidence of spatial diffusion of youth-gang homicides acrossneighborhoods in a city. Contagious diffusion between neighboring censustracts is evident only during the year of peak growth in total homicides,when high local rates of youth-gang homicides are followed by significantincreases in neighboring youth- nongang rates. This pattern is consistentwith a spread of homicides from gang youth to nongang youth. Otherwise, theincreases in both youth-gang and youth- nongang homicides generally occursimultaneously in nonneighboring tracts.     

论法律文化传播

法律文化传播是法律文化在空间上的变迁与发展 ,对各个民族和整个人类的法律发展具有重要的影响。本文首先评述了人类学界和法学界关于文化传播的理论争论 ,然后探讨了法律文化传播的基本性质 ,总结了法律文化传播的一般规律 ,论述了法律文化传播的主要途径 ,最后分析了法律文化传播的重要影响。     

Social Science and Diffusion of Law

The purpose of this paper is to point out a remarkable gap between the social science literature on diffusion and the legal literature on reception and transplantation and to explore the implications of this gap for research on diffusion of law.     

Diffusion as a Process of Creative Adoption

This paper elaborates an integrated framework for understanding diffusion as a process of creative adoptions in the business sector. Within the context of the economics of localized technological change, adoption is viewed as a complementary component of a broader process of adjusting the technology when unexpected events in the product and factor markets push firms towards a creative reaction. When the stock of adoptions exerts a suitable combined effect both on the gross profitability of adoption and on the costs of adoption, such that the net profitability of adoption and hence the rates of new adoption follow a quadratic path, the dynamics of creative adoption can engender a S-shaped diffusion process.     

对专利文档管理方式的探讨

随着计算机技术的迅猛发展,专利文档的信息化处理程度和电子申请比例逐步提高,专利局对专利纸件文档的依赖程度逐步降低.纸件文档已不再需要伴随审查过程流转运行,因此探讨新形势下的专利纸件文档管理模式,以更好地适应新的审查方式,对专利局专利文档管理工作有着重要的作用     

Diversity in Modeling Diffusion of Information Technology

This paper describes how a diverse set of models of diffusion of information technology brings depth of understanding and a better basis for management decisions. Three dissimilar innovation diffusion models, the interactive model, the linked-chain model and the emergent model, are used to develop an analysis that describes the essential knowledge that each model produces. Rather than develop conflicting stories, each model leads to distinctly different, but complementary, knowledge about the practical setting. The analysis demonstrates how distinct conceptual domains inhabit each model. These domains define the scope of practical management questions that can be addressed by each of the innovation diffusion models.     

A Neo‐Institutional Account of Prison Diffusion

Interest in legal innovations, particularly in the criminal law realm, often centers on an innovation's emergence, but not its subsequent diffusion. Typifying this trend, existing accounts of the prison's historical roots persuasively explain the prison's “birth” in Jacksonian‐Era northern coastal cities, but not its subsequent rapid, widespread, and homogenous diffusion across a culturally, politically, and economically diverse terrain. Instead, this study offers a neo‐institutional account of the prison's diffusion, emphasizing the importance of national, field‐level pressures rather than local, contextual factors. This study distinguishes between the prison's innovation and early adoption, which can be explained by the need to replace earlier proto‐prisons, and its subsequent adoption, particularly in the South and frontier states, which was driven by the desire to conform to increasingly widespread practices. This study further attributes the isomorphic nature of the diffusion to institutional pressures, including uncertainty surrounding the new technology, pseudoprofessional penal reformers and their claims about competing models of confinement, and contingent historical factors that reinforced these institutional pressures. This study illustrates the importance of distinguishing between the motivations that initiate criminal law innovations and those that advance their diffusion.     

National Human Trafficking Initiatives: Dimensions of Policy Diffusion

The implementation of criminal law involves formal law enforcement, education, and public outreach aimed at preventing criminal activity and providing services for victims. Historically, quantitative research on global trends has focused on a single policy dimension, potentially masking the unique factors that affect the diffusion of each policy dimension independently. Using an ordered‐probit model to analyze new human trafficking policy data on national prosecution, prevention, and victim‐protection efforts, we find that global ties and domestic interest groups matter more where international law is less defined. Although prosecution, mandated by the Trafficking Protocol, was relatively impervious to global ties and domestic interest groups, both trafficking prevention and victim protection were associated with these factors. Our findings also suggest that fear of repercussions is not a major driver of state actions to combat trafficking—neither ratification of the protocol nor levels of US aid were associated with greater implementation of antitrafficking measures.     

Diffusion performance of major steel-making countries: alternative econometric tests

The purpose of this study is to compare the speed of diffusion in major steel-making countries. This is a cross-system analysis, involving industrial market countries (Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan), quasi-market economies (selected newly industrializing countries, India), and the central planning states (the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe). The study reveals that at least in this, significant case, the latter countries are clearly inferior, i.e. slower. The article seeks the most accurate measure of speed of diffusion of one radical steel innovation, the oxygen process. The speed is estimated by regressing a logistic function not applied to the steel industry to date. Parameters of a logistic function are estimated first with linear least squares methods and then with nonlinear (or iterative) least squares, to establish which offers more accurate estimation than the widely used linear approach. It is shown that the iterative method produces a better statistical fit.     

The Diffusion of the Concept of Public Figure in China

This article considers how and why the legal concept of public figure, which holds public figures to a higher standard that makes it more difficult for them to recover damages when suing for libel, has been diffused in China. The public figure concept developed in the U.S. context as an extension of New York Times v. Sullivan from public officials to public figures, reflecting the deeply embedded value of freedom of expression. Despite authoritarianism in China, the concept was adapted in the rulings of some local courts to define the limits of the right to reputation. The diffusion was a response to a stream of litigation against media organizations. In the process of diffusion and adaptation, courts have acted strategically to reshape the public figure concept and refashion its justifications. Given the political constraints on courts in authoritarian China, they have been careful to avoid applying the concept to public officials, and instead have applied the concept to public figures such as celebrities. The diffusion of the concept in China sheds light on theories of legal diffusion more broadly, by illustrating how the process of diffusion can be bottom‐up and open‐ended, and how it can occur even in a counter‐intuitive case in which there are significant political and ideational differences between the two countries.