公共组织凝聚力建设探析

本文围绕公共组织中的凝聚力建设问题,展开了层层剖析,并提出相应的解决之道。笔者首先分析了凝聚力建设在公共组织中的重要地位和作用,然后对影响公共组织凝聚力的因素进行了分析,主要是从成员异质化、共同目标、需求满足、领导作用、非正式组织和外在环境等角度着手,最后围绕着这六方面的影响因素,提出了相对应的解决措施,即以组织文化建设来消除组织成员异质化;通过愿景的塑造来加强公共组织凝聚力;以合理的利益分配机制来满足组织成员的需求;优化组织中的领导方式;以组织规范和制度建设来降低非正式组织的负面效应;降低外部干扰性因素。     

激发政府组织中的组织公民行为——试论和谐社会下改进政府组织绩效的对策

如何提高政府组织绩效是构建和谐社会过程中的一大问题.由于作为自变量的组织公民行为(OCB)对政府组织绩效具有积极的作用,所以通过激发政府组织的OCB可能是改进政府组织绩效的一条有效的路径.针对现阶段提高政府组织绩效所面临的问题和困难,需要从制度层面对组织中影响OCB的相关变量进行调节和控制,从而激发OCB,以提高政府组织绩效.     

农村行政标语与基层行政组织文化诊断

农村行政标语主要是指基层行政组织用来宣传党和国家方针政策、昭示政府施政内容和措施的一种宣传口号.农村行政标语可以折射基层行政组织文化中的官本位的价值观、落后的执政理念、行政责任观念模糊和行政行为的暴力化倾向.在基层行政组织文化中,存在着行政伦理缺失和法治精神薄弱的问题,解决之道在于通过体制改革和制度建设实现行政伦理的复位,通过服务行政重塑行政价值观,并通过法律来规范基层行政组织的行政行为.     

重塑我国慈善组织公信力

我国慈善组织面临公信力缺失的严重危机，其原因在于我国慈善立法结构存在缺陷，慈善组织准入制度落后，慈善组织外部监管机制乏力。当前，应当结合我国慈善组织实际情况，充分借鉴发达国家慈善组织发展的成功经验，通过完善相关法律制度，重塑我国慈善组织的公信力。     

转型期的组织制度文化再确定——兼论组织制度文化的有限性

组织制度文化的研究一直是组织文化研究中的一个重要领域,制度文化弥补了组织精神文化以道德为基础的自我规范的不足,但同时也存在经验主义、教条主义和后果主义的局限性。由于工具创新与普及导致原组织形态的变迁出现了组织转型,这就要求对原有的制度文化重新确认,以期达到组织制度与组织文化、组织结构等各个方面的再平衡,减少组织转型的阵痛和混乱,并由此构筑以制度文化为基础的组织运营系统的平台。     

论理想村级组织的制度基础

村级组织是联结国家与农村社会的中介。建立理想村级组织制度模式，有利于改革和完善村级组织制度，增强村级组织的功能。村级组织实际制度与成文制度较高的一致性，成文制度安排的行为模式与制裁手段的统一，成文行为模式的相容性以及充分照顾非正式制度安排的村级组织成文制度安排，是构成理想村级组织的主要制度基础     

认识和运用民主集中制的多种形式

在贯彻和执行民主集中制的实践中，有一部分组织和同志没有全面地认识民主集中制的各种形式和环节。认为它是一种思想观念，只要接受了民主集中制思想观念，在行动中就会自觉规范；或者认为它仅仅是组织原则和制度，搞好建章立制、贯彻执行就可以了；或者认为它仅仅是一种组织形式，只要一个组织本身的形式符合民主集中制，党员、干部和组织的行为自然也就符合组织原则了。所有这些都是没有把民主集中制，看作多种形式的统一，因而在实践中常常是注意了民主集中制的思想观念教育。忽略了制度的制定和执行；注重了制度的重要性，又没有按程序…     

我国有组织犯罪的嬗变与法律制度的完善

有组织犯罪是历史、文化和社会的产物,从近代中国开始我国有组织犯罪经历了一个从有到无以及再生的嬗变过程。20世纪90年代以来,我国以黑恶势力为代表的有组织犯罪不仅死灰复燃而且发展势头凶猛,严重危害政治经济、社会稳定和人民群众安全感。自1997年《刑法》修订以来,我国已建立了基本的打击与预防有组织犯罪法律制度,但是还很不系统、不完整和不健全,远远不能满足扫黑除恶专项斗争和长效治理有组织犯罪的需要。当前我国扫黑除恶专项斗争应以贯彻《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》为契机,借鉴国内外立法的经验,通过制定专门的单行法律——《反有组织犯罪法》,完善打击与预防有组织犯罪的法律制度,确立扫黑除恶的常态化工作机制。制定《反有组织犯罪法》应坚持系统、科学、规范的原则,分别从法律术语、有组织犯罪集团及行为特征、体制机制和程序措施、预防手段、国际合作等方面健全我国打击与预防有组织犯罪法律制度。     

我国非营利组织发展的制度非均衡论析

改革开放以来,中国社会发生了翻天覆地的变化,非营利组织赖以存在和发展的政治、经济、法律和文化环境都发生了根本改变,非营利组织的制度体系逐步建立并不断完善.但正如新制度主义学派所指出的,我国非营利组织的制度体系是存在非均衡现象的,主要表现在制度供给不足和制度供给过剩两个方面,究其原因是中国特殊的文化环境、特定的社会体制和非营利组织自身能力的弱化使然.促使我国非营利组织制度由非均衡向均衡转化,需要构筑政府主导、市场协同和非营利组织主动的制度供给机制.     

以法治路径化解基层社会矛盾——一个三维逻辑分析框架

探索化解基层社会矛盾的法治路径,需要避繁就简、建构相对合理的分析框架,而价值、制度与组织三个基本概念通过回答"应当怎样做""如何做"以及"由谁做"的问题,形成了前后衔接、彼此关联的三维逻辑框架,有利于实现基层社会矛盾法治化治理。循此逻辑,化解基层社会矛盾的法治路径需要从价值维度树立法治思维与法治方式实现"价值归位",从制度维度优化制度存量和创新制度增量实现"制度有力",从组织维度理顺关系、联动部门和培养人才保障"组织高效"。     

非营利组织参与社会保障的优势分析

中国进入全面建设小康社会的新时期，而城乡贫困问题的客观存在、收入分配差距的持续扩大、市场竞争带来的失业现象，以及工业化与城市化的快速发展等，都迫切需要推动社会保障改革事业的健康发展和逐步完善。本文认为，非营利组织参与社会保障具有独特的优势与作用。政府应从各方面促进非营利组织参与社会保障；非营利组织也应创造条件，积极参与社会保障的管理和服务。     

An integrated Toolkit for institutional development

An integrated Toolkit for institutional development is presented. It is intended to be used by the non-profits themselves to address current shortcomings in the field of institutional development of non-profit organizations, including: inadequate measures of institutional capacity, difficulty diagnosing priority areas within an organization for improvement; lack of simple mechanisms to improve understanding by non-profit staff of the interrelated components of their organization; and inadequate mechanisms to compare institutional development across organizations. The Toolkit emphasizes participation, use of management systems, and the independence of the organization. The Toolkit provides both an analytic (table) and visual (graphic) presentation of results. The system is now fully automated. Utilization of the Toolkit can address many of the shortcomings listed above as well as help provide a useful way to develop consensus and unite energies among the board, staff, beneficiaries, and donors.     

我国非营利组织的营利问题：成因与对策

非营利组织的营利问题是指非营利组织对其非营利性原则的背离。目前,我国部分非营利组织在一定程度上存在着营利问题。对此,要严格营利组织与非营利组织的界限,细化非营利组织的分类,完善非营利组织自身的治理结构,增强其运行的透明度,加强外界的监督。     

Institutional Change and Embeddedness: Caste and Gender in Financial Cooperatives in Rural India

ABSTRACT

This article examines the interaction between institutional change and caste and gender embeddedness. It develops a framework for understanding how this interaction takes place. The article presents data on the results of an effort by a non-profit development organization, the Cooperative Development Foundation (CDF), to promote women's cooperatives, grounded in the ideas of mutual self-help and equitable access to services, in rural Andhra Pradesh in India. Using a simple theoretical framework that highlights the multi-level nature of institutional change, and the potential for interactions with embeddedness at one level to affect interactions at other levels, the article presents data showing how particular institutional rules of the cooperatives interacted with caste and gender to shape the overall governance and service delivery practices of these new organizations. In particular, after failed attempts to integrate existing, male-dominated cooperatives with women, the CDF created gender-segregated cooperatives. Data from the women's cooperatives show the creation of mixed-caste organizations, with boards of directors that were fairly representative of their membership, but with presidents that were more likely to be from the higher-castes. Access to financial services shows little caste bias, though lending is through caste-based peer groups. The data suggest that the interaction of embeddedness and institutional change is a process contingent on: a) the strategy taken by the development organization towards embeddedness; b) the nature of the institutional change itself relative to the existing social structure; and c) the effects the interactions between institutional change and embeddedness at different levels have on each other.     

基于行业组织的行业管理的实证研究

行业组织通过影响政府行为来实现和维护会员企业乃至整个行业的共同利益;行业组织通过服务于企业,客观地起到了协助政府贯彻实施经济发展方针和行业政策、产业政策的协调监管作用.本文在调研的基础上分析了我国行业组织的发展状况,对我国行业组织促进行业发展、企业成长的积极作用进行了总结与概括,指出行业组织是行业利益的代言人,行业组织是行业经济运行的协调监管者和督战者.     

Non-governmental organizations and the development of social services. Meeting social needs in local communities in post-communist Hungary

This article describes and evaluates the role of non-governmental organizations in responding to social care needs in post-communist Hungary through the development of new forms of social services. It compares and contrasts this with the lessons arising from the similar role that non-profit organizations undertake in relation to public services in the western market economies. It argues that the key factor determining the success or otherwise of this role is the relationship, and its management, of these organizations to government in Hungary. It concludes by exploring this relationship in detail and by highlighting the key issues to be addressed in the future. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘Then we offer them a new project’—the production of projects in social work conducted by civil society in Sweden

In some areas in Europe and Sweden, it is possible to find institutional deficits, that is, areas wherein the welfare state has more or less withdrawn its institutions. In parallel with this development, greater interest has shifted towards social work already being conducted by volunteers and non-profit organizations. How this social work could take on more responsibility for the social well-being of society is a key question. By applying the theory of ‘production of projects’, this article examines 13 projects conducted by civil society organizations in Sweden and how they could relate to the civil sector becoming a complement or even an alternative to the state welfare sector. In terms of competition for funding, the projects need to be able to package their ideas well and manage relationships with the beneficiaries. The lack of long-term alternatives and the demand for innovative ideas influence the civil sector’s ability to take more responsibility for the social well-being of society and make political influence more difficult.     

对各国非营利组织理事会绩效评价研究的分析与评述

理事会是非营利组织的管理、决策及监督机构，也是非营利组织的核心资源，理论和实践表明，理事会绩效与非营利组织绩效存在正相关关系，非营利组织理事会绩效的评价有助于理事会的开发和组织治理水平的提高。本文以绩效评价的四个核心内容：绩效内容与范围的界定、绩效指标设计、绩效数据收集与分析、绩效评价结论为线索，对各国非营利组织理事会绩效评价研究进行综述，以期为同行及社会各界的研究提供参考。本文对绩效指标的具体测量与计算方法未予展开，也没有论及非营利组织理事会绩效评价的局限性。     

Do industry associations influence corporate environmentalism in developing countries? Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago

As environmental regulations increase, industry associations play a growing role in representing their respective members. This role has been documented in many industrialized countries but less so in emerging economies. In this study, we investigate the level of corporate environmentalism exhibited by member firms of two industry associations operating in Trinidad and Tobago. Using a two-stage Heckman regression that corrects for the endogeneity introduced by self-selection bias in the evaluation of voluntary choices, our findings indicate that firms that are members of the foreign-originated American Chamber of Commerce of Trinidad and Tobago appear to show stronger corporate environmentalism than those belonging to the locally formed Chamber of Commerce. Enhanced institutional pressures from these respective industry associations, peers and competitors within associations, access and exposure to best practices, networking opportunities and service bundling may explain these differences. These results suggest that environmental policy makers in emerging economies may be able to leverage foreign-originated industry associations to promote stronger corporate environmentalism. Policy makers may need to consider how to encourage local chambers to emulate the some of the institutional conditions of foreign-originated ones.     

治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系: 非营利组织有效性分析--浙江省义乌市玩具行业协会个案

非营利组织的治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系对于非营利组织的发展特别重要.行业协会是非营利组织的一种形态.通过分析浙江省义乌市玩具行业协会个案,运用制度变迁和合作博弈理论,剖析协会的治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系,探讨非营利组织的有效性.