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1.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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2.
One of the ways to induce compliance is for an international enforcement mechanism to authorize the use of punitive consequences
against a non-compliant country. However, such consequences should not cause significant damage to other (compliant) countries. The compliance mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol fails to meet this requirement. The Enforcement Branch
of the Compliance Committee is instructed to impose punitive consequences on a non-compliant country that will have considerable
adverse welfare effects for compliant countries as well. Using a numerical model, we show that in the case of Norway, the welfare effects can actually be worse
if another country is punished than if Norway itself is punished.
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3.
This article evaluates whether the changing presence of foreign firms in India has had an impact on the performance of India’s
industrial sector by impacting on the utilization of intangible capabilities within firms. Foreign firms bring in technological
skills and capabilities and these are transferred by a spillover process to all of Indian industry. The results show a strong
relationship between the growing presence of foreign firms in India and measures capturing the utilization of varieties of
competencies in Indian industry. Thus, the notion that foreign firms’ capabilities can spillover to other sectors of industry
finds support in the data.
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4.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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5.
This paper describes innovation-related data available from international economic surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis. These data are collected in conjunction with the international transactions accounts of the United States
and in surveys of the operations of multinational companies (MNCs). The paper focuses on five innovation-related series: receipts
and payments of royalties and license fees; exports and imports of research, development, and testing services; sales of services
by foreign affiliates classified in the research and development services industry; MNC R&D spending; and MNC R&D employment.
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6.
In many countries around the world, governmental authorities control the market entry of new providers of higher educational
services. By means of ex-ante licensing in the higher education sector, government ensures that students are only confronted
with academic programs and institutions that at least meet certain minimum quality standards. This quality-assuring intervention
by government may be taken for granted. From an economic viewpoint, however, it seems worthwhile to scrutinize the regulatory
status quo. In order to rethink existing licensing arrangements’ raison d’être, the present paper addresses the question whether governmental market entry control in the higher education industry is necessary
at all.
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7.
This article analyzes the occupational structure of 25 European Union countries during the period 2000–2004. Shift-share analyses
are used to decompose cross-country differences in occupational structure into within sector and between sectors effects.
The static analysis for 2004 shows that the new member countries employ a lower share of skilled workers because their industry
structure is biased towards less skill-intensive industries and because they use fewer skills within industries. The differences
in the shares of (high-skilled) non-production workers are dominated by the between (industrial) effect. In contrast, the
dynamic analysis of 2000–2004 showed that changes in the share of high-skilled non-production workers are mostly driven by
within sector changes, which are probably related to skill-biased technological change. Similar trends in the countries’ within
effects support the catch-up of the new member countries’ skills demand, while the structural developments that could equalize
the industry mix of the new and old member countries are related to increased domestic demand and will probably take time.
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8.
The hardening of soft budget constraints (SBCs) is a central element in transforming the economies of Central and Eastern
Europe into market economies. This paper presents macro evidence on budget hardening of transition economies comparing the
performance of EU accession countries relative to non-accession countries. We estimate SBC hardening for 21 transition economies
in a partial adjustment model by measuring the reaction of employment to output changes over a 10-year period. The paper finds
that accession candidates have reduced excess labour demand substantially relative to non-accession countries.
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9.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
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10.
Lack of action on cross-border environmental problems in developing countries is often ascribed to gaps in local capacity
and resources, failure of regional cooperation and lack of financial support from rich countries. Using the case of the Southeast
Asian Haze pollution from forest and peat fires in Indonesia, we explore the challenges posed by environmental problems whose
causes are closely linked to local development and livelihood strategies, and whose impacts are local, regional (haze) as
well as global (carbon emissions). We assess whether there are real opportunities to implement effectively the recent Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. To address the deep determinants behind haze
pollution, we propose signatories to the Agreement refocus their efforts to controlling peat fires rather than to strive for
a zero-burning regime. We also recommend a new approach to financing sustainable development based on rules and incentives,
with a regional pool of funds, contributed by rich countries through the Global Environment Facility and countries in Southeast
Asia.
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11.
A large body of evidence suggests that financial development is greater in countries that impose stricter regulatory requirements
on their major stock exchanges, but this leaves open the question of whether or not such regulation should be uniformly applied
to all equity trading platforms within a country. On the one hand, regulatory variation permits a wider choice of investment opportunities for investors, lowers
the cost of capital for some firms, and enhances price discovery and efficiency. On the other hand, the presence of lightly
regulated exchanges can potentially have adverse spillover implications for a country’s other financial markets.
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12.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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13.
In this paper we test competing hypotheses about the shape of the time-profile of foreign direct investment profitability
on a panel of countries. Using partial linearization method we derive the time-profile of the cumulative profitability for
the stock of direct investment from aggregate macroeconomic data. By testing the non-linearity hypothesis of the cumulative
profitability life-cycle of direct investment we find a cubic curve.
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14.
This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries.
We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems
of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher
levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries,
affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than
domestically owned enterprises.
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15.
Rapid growth in internationalization of corporate R&D has spurred considerable interest since the 1990s. Foreign R&D is still
mainly driven by the expansion of international production, but technology sourcing has become an increasingly important driver
of dispersion. Actually, differences across sectors and companies tend to obscure the mix of motivations behind the development
of global innovation networks. This paper distinguishes the various drivers of the international dispersion of corporate R&D
in order to elaborate a typology of foreign R&D units, including in emerging countries. This typology is used to discuss the
emergence of differentiated global innovation networks and the location choices by type of R&D unit. It is applied to foreign
R&D projects in Europe in high and low cost countries between 2002 and 2005. It is then used to discuss the weakening attractiveness
of the European Union for R&D activities and the relevant policies that countries can design to attract different types of
units.
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16.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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18.
This paper compares bank regulation and supervision in Japan and Germany. We consider these countries because they both have
bank-dominated financial systems and their banking systems are often lumped together as one model, yet, bank stability differs
significantly. We show that Japan and Germany have chosen different approaches to bank regulation and supervision and ask
why they made their choices. We argue that bank regulation and supervision were less efficient in Japan than in Germany and
that these differences were decisive for bank behavior.
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19.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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20.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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