The relationship between education, experience, and police performance

This study used data from 299 police officers from 12 municipal police departments across the state of Virginia to determine the relationship between education and police performance. Performance was measured by supervisor evaluations of each officer's overall performance, communication skills, public relations skills, report writing skills, response to new training, decision making ability, and commitment to the police department. Significant correlations were found between education and most measures of performance. Most importantly, the results show a significant correlation between overall performance and education (r=24, p.<001). The only variables not proving to be significantly related to education were objective measures of the volume of arrests, number of times the officer required discipline, and number of accidents. Interestingly, the benefits of a college education do not become apparent until police officers gain experience. In addition, police, officers with only a high school diploma decreased in overall performance after five years of experience.     

The relationship between education level and performance ratings of campus police officers

Data from 165 campus police officers at 16 campus police departments were used to investigate the relationship between educational level and performance of campus police officers. The results of the study indicated that education was significantly related to supervisor ratings of report writing proficiency (r=.29) and communication skills (r=20) but not discipline problems (r=−.01) or overall performance (r=.10). The relationship between education and report writing proficiency was moderated by years of police experience as education predicted performance in officers with five or more years experience but not those with less than five years experience.     

The relationship between corporate governance characteristics and credit risk exposure in banks: implications for financial regulation

This article analyses board structures in listed Danish banks in the years prior to the financial crisis by exploring the relationship between corporate governance characteristics and credit risk exposure. The article presents a novel approach as it relies on a newly developed risk metric entitled the “Supervision Diamond” introduced by the Danish FSA, which “external” board directors must address. It contains five thresholds for measuring a bank’s exposure to credit risks i.e. the proportion of large customers, lending growth, the ratio of lending/deposits, liquidity buffer and the proportion of real estate loans. By employing quantitative governance variables the article finds that increased executive director remuneration is associated with increased credit risk posed by the bank’s borrowers. On the other hand, increasing the number of executive/“inside” directors is associated with a lower credit risk exposure. It is argued that more “inside” directors on the executive board constitutes a stronger “checks and balance” system. The article also documents that the probability of obtaining state capital from the Danish credit bailout package is negatively related to larger boards as well as higher executive director remuneration. The policy implication is that financial authorities should be increasingly aware of insufficient corporate governance characteristics in order to prevent excessive credit risk exposure. Moreover, the article provides important insights on which corporate governance variables have a significant impact on a bank’s credit risk exposure. This knowledge is valuable for financial authorities/policy makers considering future regulatory initiatives and how they should administer bank monitoring.     

Age-related factors in the relationship between foot measurements and living stature and body weight

The measurements of feet and footprints are especially important in forensic identification, as they have been used to predict the body height and weight of victims or suspects. It can be observed that the subjects of forensic-oriented studies are generally young adults. That is to say, researchers rarely take into consideration the body's proportional changes with age. Hence, the aim of this study is to generate equations which take age and sex into consideration, when stature and body weight are estimated from foot and footprints dimensions. With this aim in mind, we measured the stature, body weight, foot length and breadth, heel breadth, footprint length and breadth, and footprint heel breadth of 516 volunteers (253 males and 263 females) aged between 17.6 and 82.9 years using standard measurement techniques. The sample population was divided randomly into two groups. Group 1, the study group, consisted of 80% of the sample (n = 406); the remaining 20% were assigned to the cross-validation group or Group 2 (n = 110). In the first stage of the study, we produced equations for estimating stature and weight using a stepwise regression technique. Then, their reliability was tested on Group 2 members. Statistical analyses showed that the ratios of foot dimensions to stature and body weight change considerably with age and sex. Consequently, the regression equations which include these variables yielded more reliable results. Our results indicated that age and sex should be taken into consideration when predicting human body height and weight for forensic purposes.     

当前我国公司犯罪影响因素评析

公司犯罪与其它形态的犯罪一样,不是单一的因素所引起的,而是多种因素相互作用的结果.这些因素所起的效果不是同等的简单的并列在一起的,而是表现为有机结合在一起的相互影响和作用的因素综合体.公司犯罪影响因素具体主要包括社会结构的变迁、经济发展的不平衡性与文化观念的变异、国家刑事立法与司法及被害人因素等.     

The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult mental health among undergraduates: victim gender doesn't matter

A large body of research has documented the harmful effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on adult mental health among females, but less work has examined this issue among males. This study examined whether gender moderated the relationship between CSA and adult mental health among a mixed-gender sample of 406 undergraduates. A Pearson chi-square test indicated that a significantly greater proportion of females (41.6%) than males (30.7%) reported a history of CSA. ANCOVAs tested whether gender, CSA status, and their interaction were related to adult mental health symptomatology as measured by Brief Symptom Inventory gender-normed t scores. Participants with a history of CSA reported significantly higher levels of global mental health problems, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The gender by CSA status interaction was not significant for any scale, indicating that the harmful effects of CSA on adult mental health did not vary by gender.     

Causal factors of corporate crime in Taiwan: qualitative and quantitative findings

Street crimes are a primary concern of most criminologists in Taiwan. In recent years, however, crimes committed by corporations have increased greatly in this country. Employing the empirical approach to collect data about causal factors of corporate crime, the research presented in this article is the first systematic empirical study concerning corporate crime in Taiwan. The research sample was selected from a corporation with a criminal record of pollution caused by the release of toxic chemicals into the environment and a corporation with no criminal record. Questionnaire survey and interviews of corporate employees and managers were conducted, and secondary data were collected from official agencies. This research indicated the causal factors of corporate crime as follows: the failure of government regulation, lack of corporate self-regulation, lack of public concern about corporate crime, corporate mechanistic structure, and the low self-control tendency of corporate managers.     

论我国政府绩效评估与绩效文化的构建

在全球化“新公共管理运动”思潮的影响下,我国许多地方政府从九十年代初开始对政府管理绩效评价做了积极的探索,目的在于提高政府组织的绩效,但其实践的结果却令人困惑,也由此引发了对“西方的绩效评估是否适用于中国”的争议。本文从绩效评估产生的背景及其在我国的发展现状出发,通过分析绩效文化所蕴涵的基本理念以及绩效评估与绩效文化的关系,主张通过绩效文化的构建来推动政府绩效评估在我国的顺利实施,并就如何培养我国的绩效文化提出了建议。     

Race and police officers' perceptions of their job performance: An analysis of the relationship between police officers' race,education level,and job performance

This study examines whether police officers' race is associated with their performance of duties and delivery of services. Using self-report survey methodology, officers of three different races (African-American, White, and Hispanic) evaluated their performance on forty dimensions of their work. The results indicate that race is not a significant factor in officers' self-assessments. However, the results indicated that officers with some college education and college degree (irrespective of the race) report themselves performing better on several dimensions of their work than officers with no college education. Author's Note: Suman Kakar, Ph.D., is Associate Profess or at Florida International University, College of Health and Urban Affairs. University Park Campus, Miami, FL 33199.     

损伤与肿瘤间因果关系鉴定体会

【案例1】杨&#215;&#215;，男，20岁。于&#215;年&#215;月&#215;日在工作中被一装满纸的纸箱砸伤右臂肘关节处，致红肿、发紫、功能障碍。拍X线片示：骨质未见创伤性异常。后持续红、肿、痛，经多家医院治疗无好转。4个月后经诊断为纤维肉瘤。后赴北京进一步确诊后行截肢治疗。受伤当时X线片(片号1574)示：骨质未见创伤性异常。但请专家会诊均认为右肱骨下端有骨膜反应及密度增高影。4个月后MRI示：右肱骨下端可见一梭形肿块。X片示：右肱骨下端骨质破坏。病理报告：高分化纤维肉瘤。     

损伤与肿瘤间因果关系鉴定体会

案　例【案例1】　杨××,男,2 0岁。于×年×月×日在工作中被一装满纸的纸箱砸伤右臂肘关节处,致红肿、发紫、功能障碍。拍X线片示:骨质未见创伤性异常。后持续红、肿、痛,经多家医院治疗无好转。4个月后经诊断为纤维肉瘤。后赴北京进一步确诊后行截肢治疗。受伤当时X线片(片号15 74)示:骨质未见创伤性异常。但请专家会诊均认为右肱骨下端有骨膜反应及密度增高影。4个月后MRI示:右肱骨下端可见一梭形肿块。X片示:右肱骨下端骨质破坏。病理报告:高分化纤维肉瘤。法医临床学检查:被鉴定人神清、语明,步入检室,查体合作。右上臂肩关节处远…     

The relationship between job status,interviewing experience,gender, and police officers' adherence to open‐ended questions

Purpose. The current study examined whether several factors related to the job and demographic profile of police officers are associated with adherence to best‐practice guidelines when interviewing children. Method. One hundred and seventy‐eight police officers completed a standardized (simulated) interview regarding an allegation of abuse by a 5‐year‐old child. Immediately prior to this interview, details were obtained from the officers' regarding their job status, gender, interview experience, the timing and nature of prior training/supervision, and experience outside the policing profession with young children. Results. The results showed that timing of training was the only factor that related to interview performance. The proportion of open‐ended questions among participants who completed their interviewer training course less than 1 month prior to the simulated interview was better than those who completed the training earlier. Interestingly, the performance of the latter group was identical to that of a group of participants who had not yet received any formal interview training. The implications of the findings are discussed, along with directions for future research.     

On the methodical relationship between jurisprudence and theology

Translated by Neil Duxbury. This article was originally published as Über das methodische Verhältnis der Jurisprudenz zur Theologie,Revue internationale de la théorie du droit 3 (1928–29), 52–56. The translator is indebted to Martin Loughlin, Neil MacCormick and Dagmar Rudolph for their help with an earlier draft.     

Reconsidering the relationship between alcohol and lethal violence

Prior event-based research regarding the relationship between alcohol and violence suffers from important limitations, including the absence of a comparison group, an inappropriate comparison group, or a comparison group that could be considered appropriate but does not control for potential confounders. To overcome such limitations, we use a matched pair design. Drawing on interviews with men imprisoned for an aggravated assault or homicide committed in response to a conflict with another man, we examine matched pairs of violent and nonviolent conflicts nested within respondents. The results suggest that guns mediate the relationship between alcohol and lethal male-male violence.     

集装箱海运合同与提单关系再探

针对国内集装箱托运作业的特殊性,分析托运单对各方当事人(托运人、承运人、船代、货代)关系的影响,指出托运单最多只能在船代和货代间形成安排运输的合同或待运合同,而不是托运人和承运人间的运输合同,后者的订立是履行前者的结果,因此提单对运输合同的证明作用需要进一步澄清。     

集装箱海运合同与提单关系再探

针对国内集装箱托运作业的特殊性,分析托运单对各方当事人(托运人、承运人、船代、货代)关系的影响,指出托运单最多只能在船代和货代间形成安排运输的合同或待运合同,而不是托运人和承运人间的运输合同,后者的订立是履行前者的结果,因此提单对运输合同的证明作用需要进一步澄清.     

Reforming the relationship between medicine and the law of tort

The Australian Government's medical indemnity package is predicated on the belief that the current crisis is primarily one of insurance. However, an examination of the fault-based tort system illustrates that, irrespective of their insurance status, doctors are profoundly affected by the adversarial process and their response to it is leading to sub-optimal patient care. This article argues that the adversarial system of medical negligence fails to satisfy the main aims of tort law, those being equitable compensation of plaintiffs, correction of mistakes and deterrence of negligence. Instead, doctors experience litigation as a punishment and, in order to avoid exposure to the system, have resorted not to corrective or educational measures but to defensive medicine, a practice which the evidence indicates both decreases patient autonomy and increases iatrogenic injury. This is unacceptable and suggests that the package has missed the point. This article proposes an alternative medico-legal tort scheme which attempts to overcome some of these problems.