试论吸毒的成因

毒品这一摧残人生的毒药、毁灭家庭的杀手、毒害社会的瘟疫,导致千千万万的吸毒人员妻离子散,家破人亡,使其陷入毒渊,不能自拔。为了遏制毒品的泛滥,顺利开展禁吸戒毒斗争,我们必须深入探讨吸毒的成因,从而为禁绝毒品提供理论基础和实践支撑。     

健全汕头市禁毒工作长效机制

汕头市禁毒斗争形势严峻:一是毒品犯罪案件呈上升趋势。“禁毒03工程”期间全市破获毒品案件900多宗,比 2003年前三年平均数增加7成多;二是在册吸毒人员逐年上升,绝对数偏高。2003年度汕头市在册登记的吸毒人员7000 多人,“禁毒03工程”期间收戒2000余人;三是毒品种类繁多,花式品种变换速度甚快,一些娱乐场所吸食贩卖“摇头丸”等软性毒品活动有所蔓延。纵观国际形势,毒源泛滥,毒品问题全球化的趋势在短时间内不会有明显改变;今后一个时     

建议增设“介绍他人获取,使用毒品罪“

我国一贯坚持坚决的禁毒政策，在贯彻禁种、禁贩、禁吸“三禁”并举的方针时，特别强调要抓好堵源截流的工作。笔者认为，堵源截流有二层含义：一是堵住毒品生产、运输、销售之源，二是堵住吸毒人口增加之源。冷静地总结我国禁毒工作的实践，似乎可以发现，我们在堵住毒品制贩之源方面成绩斐然，但在堵住吸毒人口增加之源方面行动相对乏力，对毒品消费市场的扩大缺乏坚决而又严密的对策。本文仅对后一问题略陈浅见，并提出立法建议。一、毒品犯罪与毒品消费市场的关系根据国家禁毒委员会办公室提供的资料，我国登记在册的吸毒人数，1991年为…     

对新型毒品问题的思考

本文阐述了毒品的发展的新趋势,以K粉为代表的新型毒品次第出现并泛滥流行。它的出现与它不同与传统毒品的新特点、生产工艺、对它立法的不完善等有着密切的关系。要反思传统的禁毒模式,完善对新型毒品的立法,做好网络监管和对易制毒化学药品的查缉工作,研究青少年服用兴奋类药品的新趋势,做好对隐性吸毒人员的教育和回归工作。     

晚近刑法对危害公共安全罪的修改与补充

毒品在全球泛滥,危害着人类安全;吸毒耗费了巨额财富,禁毒需要大量资金,毒品影响着各国经济发展。同时,制毒、贩毒助长国际恐怖活动的蔓延,使国家安全受到了威胁;毒品引发了各种犯罪与社会不稳定因素。冷战后国际禁毒合作加强,但由于毒品问题的跨国性、复杂性,毒品问题还将长期存在。     

毒品问题与安全

毒品在全球泛滥,危害着人类安全;吸毒耗费了巨额财富,禁毒需要大量资金,毒品影响着各国经济发展。同时,制毒、贩毒助长国际恐怖活动的蔓延,使国家安全受到了威胁;毒品引发了各种犯罪与社会不稳定因素。冷战后国际禁毒合作加强,但由于毒品问题的跨国性、复杂性,毒品问题还将长期存在。     

建立反吸毒新模式的前期思考

吸毒总是和构成毒品犯罪的毒品供应相伴而生,在打击毒品犯罪的同时,要研究吸毒问题,解决成瘾性与复吸问题。我们应对现有反吸毒观念和模式进行理性思考,建立与完善相关的法律规定,铲除毒品犯罪产生和发展的土壤,并以此构思我国反毒新模式。     

毒品的免疫检测方法研究进展

自本世纪80年代起，海洛因、大麻等毒品开始在全球范围内被广泛滥用，且世界毒品犯罪活动日益猖獗，以致形成了从种植、加工、贩运到销售的国际毒品走私体系．据报道，世界毒品非法交易额现已突破5000亿美元，相当于国际贸易总额的13o／o，仅次于国际军火交易．在消费毒品数量最多的美国，吸毒者每年在毒品上的花费高达1600亿美元．近几年，我国吸毒成病者和吸毒死亡案件也日益增多．据统计，全全国在册的吸毒人数已多达52万以上，分布于全国！600个以上的县市，而这些吸毒人员中，经戒毒治疗而后复吸者达85o／o，对社会治安十分不利．被滥…     

强化戒毒劳教人员感化和管理工作

吸毒是一个全球性的社会问题。吸毒以及所引发的违法犯罪、艾滋病传播等问题对社会经济可持续发展、公共健康和社会治安造成了严重影响。减少毒品供应、减少毒品需求、降低毒品危害是国际社会和各国政府解决毒品问题的重要战略。我国政府历来高度重视对吸毒人员的感化和管理工作,投入了大量人力、物力、财力,帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾,减少毒品危害,维护社会和谐稳定。劳教戒毒工作是我国禁毒工作的重要组成部分,与公安强制戒毒、社会自愿戒毒相互配合、互为补充,共同构成我国的戒毒工作体系。近年来,按照国家禁毒委的统一部署,劳教系统积极参与…     

司法实践中吸毒人员涉毒案件的处理

在当前惩治毒品犯罪的司法实践中，发现很多吸毒人员以贩养吸，在吸毒的同时还参与走私、贩卖、运输毒品等犯罪活动。在此，笔者对司法实践中遇到的一些毒品案件的定性与处罚中的相关问题谈点看法，以期引起同仁们更多的关注和探讨。     

Modeling Risk for Intimate Partner Violence among Recent-Era Veteran-Partner Dyads

Using an actor-partner interdependence model, we examined whether veterans’ posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) contributed to partners’ drug abuse symptoms, whether partners’ drug abuse symptoms contributed to intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and whether drug abuse symptoms mediated PTSS-IPV perpetration associations. Participants were recent-era veterans who participated in the Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center Post-Deployment Mental Health study. Veterans who took part at one site and their partners (N = 49 couples) completed a follow-up study in which drug abuse symptoms and IPV perpetration were assessed. Veterans’ PTSS contributed to veterans’ drug abuse symptoms. Veterans’ drug abuse symptoms were associated with their IPV perpetration (i.e., an actor effect) and their partners’ IPV perpetration (i.e., a crossover effect). Drug abuse symptoms mediated the association between veterans’ PTSS and partners’ reports of IPV perpetration. Findings suggest complex relationships between PTSS, drug abuse problems and IPV perpetration among these dyads.     

浅谈我国对吸毒行为刑事政策的应有调整

我国对吸毒人员一贯采取治病救人、教育改造的刑事政策,惩罚色彩很弱。至今为止,我国法律对吸毒行为的最严厉措施仅限于劳动教养。然而,走私、贩卖毒品等犯罪的愈演愈烈与对吸毒行为的控制不力是有密切关系的。鉴于吸毒行为本身的社会危害性以及现有保安措施的缺陷,《刑法》应对某些严重的吸毒行为增设吸毒罪予以刑罚规制。与此同时,其他法律法规中对吸毒人员所制定的保安处分措施也应加以完善。只有打防并举、多管齐下,才能遏制日益严重的毒品违法犯罪。     

Relationship of Substance Use/Abuse with Psychological and Physical Intimate Partner Violence: Variations Across Living Situations

This study addresses whether the relationship between illicit drug use/abuse measures and intimate partner violence (IPV) varies across socioeconomic status, racial status, and environmental indictors of a drug supportive culture. Data from 19,131 respondents who were living with intimate partners and had not been treated for a substance abuse problem in the last year and participated in the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse were analyzed. Marijuana use/abuse was a stronger predictor of IPV and psychological abuse for minorities, but was not a significant predictor of Caucasians’ IPV. Marijuana use/abuse also was a stronger predictor of IPV for those having a low socioeconomic status, but indicators of a drug supportive culture did not moderate the relationship. Minorities’ marijuana use/abuse increased their yelling and insulting behavior toward each other, and this psychological abuse mediated the effect of marijuana use/abuse on IPV. By contrast, stimulant use, sedative use, and alcohol abuse or dependence had independent direct effects on IPV after controlling for psychological abuse. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

Unexplained sudden death and the likelihood of drug abuse

The common history of drug abuse in adults with an undetermined cause of death has led us to hypothesize that chronic drug abuse increases the risk of sudden death. To begin evaluating this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective case-control study of 61 decedents whose cause of death remained undetermined following autopsy matched one to one to a control group of pedestrians or passengers killed in motor vehicle collisions. In 21 pairs, the case subject had evidence of drug abuse but the control did not, and in 5 cases the reverse was true. Analysis showed that individuals with an undetermined cause of death are 4.2 times more likely to have evidence of drug abuse than are victims of a motor vehicle collision.     

国际禁毒公约对我国禁毒刑事政策的启示

二十一世纪,毒品已成为一个国际性问题,对于全球政治、经济、文化构成了严重的威胁,我国毒品滥用及毒品犯罪的形势也日趋严峻。因此,有必要借鉴国际禁毒公约的理念和方法,结合我国具体国情,进一步完善我国禁毒刑事政策,以便更有效地遏制毒品滥用和毒品犯罪。     

Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse

Drug abuse patterns are different due to cultural, social and geographical differences. Methamphetamine (MA) is the most important drug of abuse in Taiwan followed by opiates. Recently, there has been an increase of ketamine and MDMA abuse in disco dancing clubs. Here, we report the patterns of drug abuse by the participants in a metropolitan city disco-dancing club and the general public in Taiwan. The positive rates of common drugs of abuse detected in samples collected from participants in a dancing club were as follows: MDMA, 75.7%; ketamine, 47.0%; MA, 41.6%; opiates, 0%. Marijuana and cocaine were detected at much lower rates (3.4 and 4.7%, respectively). Ketamine and one of the amphetamines were detected together in 42.9% of the samples. The positive rates in samples collected from police detainees suspected of drug abuse in the general public were as follows: MA, 76.0%; OPA, 37.0%; MDMA, 6.0%; ketamine, 2.0%.     

Offending,drug abuse and life chances—a longitudinal study of a Stockholm birth cohort

There are many factors, both empirical and theoretical, which indicate that drug abuse can play an important role in explaining the links between criminality and life chances when viewed from a life-course perspective. In this article, we examine the links between crime and drug abuse and social inclusion and exclusion in adult life, and look at whether there are gender-specific patterns in these regards. The Stockholm Birth Cohort database allows us to follow a birth cohort born in 1953 to age 56. The results show that drug abuse is central both to processes of continuity in and desistance from crime and to life chances in adulthood. For the adult outcomes that relate to work and health, we also note a tendency towards polarization; the size of both the relative and the absolute differences between the comparison group and offenders with registered drug abuse increases over time. The same general pattern can be seen for males and females.     

禁毒的综合治理要在落实和坚持上下功夫

毒品祸害是当今世界的重要社会问题。从广东省禁毒现状的调查可知，禁毒斗争虽然取得了很大成绩，但形势还是严峻的。因而要总结禁毒斗争的基本经验，探讨综合治理的对策，从根本上杜绝毒品的祸患。     

Increased risk of fatal intoxication and polypharmacy among psychiatric patients at death

Patients suffering from psychiatric disorders have an excess mortality and a shorter life span expectancy compared to the general population. Furthermore, they are treated with multiple drugs and are known to have an increased risk of drug abuse. In this study, we aimed at investigating the pharmaceutical drug and drug of abuse profiles of the deceased included in the Danish prospective autopsy‐based forensic study on psychiatric patients, SURVIVE. Using the postmortem systematic toxicological analysis results, we identified 129 different consumed compounds in our population (n = 443). Polypharmacy (≥5 compounds) was detected in 39.5% of the deceased. Deceased with a psychiatric diagnosis or who died from a fatal intoxication had significantly more compounds at the time of their death compared to having either no psychiatric diagnosis or another cause of death, respectively. Evidence of drug abuse was present, as 29.8% of our total population had consumed either methadone or illicit drugs of abuse, excluding tetrahydrocannabinol. Of those deceased with a psychiatric diagnosis, 33.6% had either consumed methadone or illicit drugs of abuse, a greater number than those without a psychiatric diagnosis. Fatal intoxication was the most frequent cause of death (40.6%) with methadone as the major intoxicant. Here, we found that those without a psychiatric diagnosis had fewer fatal pharmaceutical drug intoxications compared to the psychiatric diagnosis groups. Our findings add further context to understanding the excess mortality of psychiatric patents, since there is an increased occurrence of fatal intoxication, polypharmacy, and drug abuse in this population.     

Trends and pattern of drug abuse deaths in Maryland teenagers

The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Maryland recorded a total of 149 drug abuse deaths of teenagers aged 13-19 years between 1991 and 2006. Of these deaths, 96 (64.4%) were caused by the use of narcotic drugs only, 29 (19.5%) by both narcotics and cocaine, four (2.7%) by both narcotics and methylenedioxymethamphetamine, six (4.0%) by cocaine only, and 14 (9.4%) by volatile substances (e.g., butane, Freon, nitrous oxide, and propane). The annual death rate from drug abuse for teenagers increased from 1.4 deaths per 100,000 population in 1991 to 2.7 deaths per 100,000 population in 2006 (chi-square test for time trend, p<0.01). The increase in teenager drug abuse deaths occurred in 1999 and since has remained at a higher rate. Further analysis revealed that the increase in drug abuse deaths was attributable to a large degree to narcotic drugs, particularly heroin/morphine and methadone, and was confined to teenagers residing in the suburban and rural areas.