试论“超越法律”的企业社会责任

"超越法律"的企业社会责任,是企业负担的那些超出法律强制性义务规定且符合社会价值和期望的责任,确认这种责任的法律规范实为"软法",它主要通过责任目标内化于企业的商业行为和治理结构之中,以实现企业的"自我管制";通过保护利益相关者的实质性和程序性权利,提高利益相关者的谈判抗衡力量以实现市场的自发对抗;并以声誉机制和非政府组织的作用作为责任的实施机制的补充。     

全球经济治理新模式的法治化路径

传统全球经济治理模式不能反映当前国际经济关系的变化,既缺乏民主性,也不适应经济全球化带来的新挑战,必须加以改革。各国可以考虑制定《国际经济合作宪章》,确立平等及相互尊重、实现共同利益和促进合作与广泛共识的法律原则;扩大新兴经济体和广大发展中国家参与治理,在G20机制的基础上设立具有最高权威的"国际经济合作组织";以WTO争端解决机制为蓝本建立一整套国际经济争端解决机制,从而实现全球经济治理的法治化。     

“‘Novel food’ for thought” on law and policymaking in the global creative economy

Law and policymaking form a central theme of the global governance debate. In these times of an emerging global creative economy the debate is becoming increasingly complex as global governance is faced with serious challenges of a political, economic, cultural, environmental, social, technological and, last but not least, legal nature. Against the backdrop of a global food crisis, both in terms of food security and food safety for all, the present article explores some of the broader regulatory aspects of these challenges by looking at the regulation of food and notably novel food as engineered by the use of bio- and nano-technologies. It aims to show how the preservation of the integrity of law over time, and with it the objectives of providing legal predictability and legal certainty, are threatened by deficiencies in the institutional design of the current international legal framework as well as in the conceptual understanding underlying the legal instruments adopted by these institutions. The analysis at the international level is complemented by a brief look at the domestic level exemplified by the situation in the European Union and the People’s Republic of China against the backdrop of their attempts to formulate and successfully implement policies enhancing their competitive advantages in the creative economy.     

Legal Judgment as Self-Mastery

Many legal theorists see legal judgment as a largely professional or technical task. This is not how law sees itself. When looked at from the perspective of the engaged judge, law requires from us that we arrive at a certain internal governance of our thoughts and emotions. Legal scholarship and legal procedure tell us that law creates true reasons that override other, personal, reasons, even those of the utmost importance to us. A philosophical understanding of law requires a distinct argument that explains how such overriding reasons can be associated with the law and how there can be a personal duty to adapt our reasoning when we make authoritative legal judgments in order to change the lives of others. The philosophy of law needs to explain how legal judgment can be a form of self-mastery.     

The Problem That Is Global Warming: Introduction

Global warming poses significant challenges to society at every level, evading easy definitions that would make the usual instrumental approaches to policymaking and regulation a relatively straightforward task. The embeddedness of the carbon economy in contemporary methods of industrialization and development means that climate protection is at once a problem of environment, the global economy, and human rights. It requires us to understand the strengths and limitations of a regulatory approach, to tease apart the intricacies of international law and governance to find ways to turn economic, legal, and cultural norms toward creating climate justice. Sector specific approaches to dealing with human rights and refugees, as well as international relations based on interstate relations, also have limitations. These include insufficient capacity to appreciate the differentiated responsibility of various actors in the creation of this ecological crisis as well as creating obstacles in finding appropriate ways to motivate those with the most ability to reduce our impact on the climate. Mutual reinforcement and “virtuous” arbitrage across fragmented regulatory regimes might create new synergies with potentially positive transformative effects for climate protection. To achieve this, the development and maintenance of legitimacy is central. The articles in this edition tackle these issues and, taken as a whole, provide a springboard for future scholarship.     

英美法对医疗过失的判定原则及对我国的启示

过失是医疗损害责任认定中最为重要的条件,如何确定过失是医疗纠纷和诉讼中最为关键的问题。我国在该问题上的研究及实践均存有欠缺之处,而英美国家在过失判定原则中,其注意义务标准的设定和认定具有一定的合理之处,对我国医疗过失理论研究和司法实践均有借鉴作用。     

Law, Finance, and Politics: The Case of India

The liberalization of India's economy since 1991 has brought with it considerable development of its financial markets and supporting legal institutions. An influential body of economic scholarship asserts that a country's "legal origin"—as a civilian or common law jurisdiction—plays an important part in determining the development of its investor protection regulations, and consequently its financial development. An alternative theory claims that the determinants of investor protection are political, rather than legal. We use the case of India to test these theories. We find little support for the idea that India's legal heritage as a common law country has been influential in speeding the path of regulatory reforms and financial development. Rather, we suggest there are complementarities between (1) India's relative success in services and software; (2) the relative strength of its financial markets for outside equity, as opposed to outside debt; and (3) the relative success of stock market regulation, as opposed to reforms of creditor rights. We conclude that political economy explanations have more traction in explaining the case of India than do theories based on "legal origins."     

国际金融软法的效力与发展趋势

在全球治理与公民社会兴起的背景下,国际金融软法的蓬勃发展是一种必然趋势。国际金融软法虽然不具有法律约束力,但在实践中却可能产生某种实际约束效果。运用社会法学派和现实主义学派的方法,可以较好地解释这一现象。国际金融软法的制定主体、调整范围和表现形式具有广泛性和多样性,能够在一定程度上弥补国际金融硬法的不足。国际金融软法的实际约束效果主要通过法律上和事实上的"硬化"来体现。从发展趋势来看,除转化为国际条约、国际习惯和国内法之外,国际金融软法在较长的时期内仍有自己独立的发展空间。国际金融软法的未来发展有赖于进一步提高公众参与度和透明度。     

国家治理体系现代化的主体之维

国家治理主体是国家治理体系的组成部分,具有多元性、拟制性、平等性等特征。与集中统一的管理不一样,国家治理强调多元主体的共治格局。政党、国家、政府、社会组织、经济组织、公民等都是参与国家治理的主体。从法学的角度看,这些主体都是法律拟制的产物,按照社会契约论都应以平等身份参与治理。以权力、权利主体作为依据,可把国家和社会的治理主体分为官、民两类。以此作为国家治理的主体来构建法律关系,可以发现权力冲突、权力与权利的冲突、权利冲突构成了法治国家、法治政府、法治社会所要解决的主要问题,也是国家治理的主体之维所要重点探讨的理论问题。     

中国传统社会基层治理的法律机制与经验

基层社会治理对于整体社会治理起着重要的基础和支撑作用。在中国传统社会的基层治理中,形成了一套圆融自洽、顺利运行的法律机制,其中蕴含了我国在基层社会治理方面的宝贵经验。传统儒家法与道德相混成,一直将道德教化作为重要的社会治理手段,德治与法治相结合;而基层的自治制度,不论在立法还是司法上,都为国家法律体系的有机组成部分。中国传统社会基层治理的法律机制与经验,与我们今天所提的"自治、法治、德治相结合"有着不谋而合之处,在我们面对当代基层社会治理的重大挑战时,也具有不容忽视的价值。     

China’s rule of law in the globalization era

Globalization of the economy, public affairs, human rights, environmental issues and laws indicate the developing tendency of human beings and society, and this has a great influence on the third reform of Chinese law in many aspects. Upon its entrance into the WTO, China carried out a large-scale clarification and amendment of its laws and regulations, and incorporated itself into the global governance structure. This marks the beginning of the third legal reform in the country. This reform includes the reform of the political and legal system, restructuring of the legal system, and evolution of the real meaning of law. In the future development of Chinese law, the fundamental nature of modern, global and human civilization, and the legal profession will penetrate much more into the whole Chinese law and its operation.     

法律全球化：争论与出路

围绕着法律全球化问题,我国学者产生了有没有、要不要和如何进行的三重争议,由于这些争议是在没有对全球化做出前提性界定的基础上进行的,所以总是陷入事实与价值两极之争的困境之中。我们引入“过程”论来理解全球化的思想,意在指出从发展路向上看全球化有不同的阶段且每个阶段都有它的内在规定性。从当下的阶段来看,全球化已经把世界联结为一个异质的整体,从性质上说这个整体是事实和价值的统一体。它们一起对法律全球化的过程、制度和理念起着规制作用。理解这种“过程”论要求我们从根本上转换现代法的精神,即促进权利范式的发展、培育新的自由理念和参与全球法律制度竞争与全球治理。     

经济法典:经济法集成化之历史大势

在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的伟大征程中,经济法致力于为国民经济运行提供法律的支撑和保障。制定《经济法典》具有完全的必要性和基本的可行性,展示出经济法集成化的历史大势。未来《经济法典》之中,总则对经济法作出基本定位、提供指导规定,分则包括市场运行法、宏观治理法、供求循环法、收入分配法、安全保障法等系列制度。坚持市场化改革方向,实现经济法的集成化,彰显经济法的整体形象和特别功能,完善宏观经济治理,促进国民经济高质量发展,经济法将自信走上世界经济、法律舞台,这将是一项具有重大历史价值的立法创造。     

疫情防控:经济法的解析与应对

疫情防控是对国家治理体系和治理能力的重大考验,需要政策与法律的协调并用;疫情防控作为复杂的系统工程,离不开多种法律制度的综合调整,其中经济法的作用尤为重要。运用经济法的“两个失灵”理论、风险理论、信息理论和价值理论,有助于解析疫情的成因及其预防,明晰疫情防控的必要性、重要路径和价值引领,从而可以有针对性地进行制度应对;疫情防控需要宏观调控法和市场规制法的大量运用,应将重要的发展理念和法治理念贯穿其中,从而形成“依法治疫”的制度体系。基于“以人为本”的“依法治疫”,有助于防止疫情的暴发和扩散,减少公共卫生危机的发生及其给社会、经济造成的巨大损害,从而能够在保障公众生命健康的前提下,促进经济与社会的良性运行和协调发展。     

论农民权益的经济法保护——以利益与利益机制为视角

中国“三农”问题的关键是农民问题,农民问题的核心问题是农民利益问题。农民利益需要宪法、经济法、行政法等诸多法律部门共同深护,特别需要经济法律制度提供支撑。本文以利益与利益机制为视角,在探寻经济法与农民权益保护的结合点、寻找经济法保护农民权益理论基础的基础上,提出了经济法视野下保护农民权益的机制体系,归结了经济法保护农民权益的基本原则,构想了一整套保护农民权益的经济法制度体系。     

Law as Convention

Abstract. The widely recognized impasse in legal theory, which requires an account of law as "both a social fact and a framework of reasons for action" has been most interestingly addressed in recent years by writers characterizing law as convention in the sense of a solution to a game theoretical "coordination problem." As critics have neutralized most of these proposals, the author advances an account of conventionalism, drawing on economic and sociological theory, which he claims makes the bridge between positivist and naturalist theories of law without compromising the basic insights of either. The result is a unified theory of law, politics and society.     

超大型国家治理中的地方法治试验及其制度约束

地方法治试验既能够激发地方政府的创造性,又能够科学有效地规范地方政府权力运作。竞争动力学理论从经济发展产生的内生性驱动和官员晋升锦标赛产生的外在压力两方面,解释了地方法治试验的动力机制。中国采取“政府集权+行政集权”模式在促进国家统一同时,扩大了国家的治理规模,增加了国家的治理负荷,引发了超大型国家治理的结构性难题。中央试图通过允许地方进行法治试验的方式,来解决这一难题。它能够在统护法律统一的前提下,及时调整中央集权与分权的程度。中央通过宪制约束、组织约束和政策调控等多种手段,加强对地方法治试验的约束,确保国家整体主义体制结构的实现。地方法治不是一个脱离中国整体法治而存在的本体论意义上的概念,而是一个具有强烈方法论意义的概念。     

Pain as a fact and heuristic: how pain neuroimaging illuminates moral dimensions of law

In legal domains ranging from tort to torture, pain and its degree do important definitional work by delimiting boundaries of lawfulness and of entitlements. Yet, for all the work done by pain as a term in legal texts and practice, it has a confounding lack of external verifiability. Now, neuroimaging is rendering pain and myriad other subjective states at least partly ascertainable. This emerging ability to ascertain and quantify subjective states is prompting a "hedonic" or a "subjectivist" turn in legal scholarship, which has sparked a vigorous debate as to whether the quantification of subjective states might affect legal theory and practice. Subjectivists contend that much values-talk in law has been a necessary but poor substitute for quantitative determinations of subjective states--determinations that will be possible in the law's "experiential future." This Article argues the converse: that pain discourse in law frequently is a heuristic for values. Drawing on interviews and laboratory visits with neuroimaging researchers, this Article shows current and in-principle limitations of pain quantification through neuroimaging. It then presents case studies on torture-murder, torture, the death penalty, and abortion to show the largely heuristic role of pain discourse in law. Introducing the theory of "embodied morality," the Article describes how moral conceptions of rights and duties are informed by human physicality and constrained by the limits of empathic identification. Pain neuroimaging helps reveal this dual factual and heuristic nature of pain in the law, and thus itself points to the translational work required for neuroimaging to influence, much less transform, legal practice and doctrine.