多源流理论视阈下公民网络参与公共政策议程研究——以上海“钓鱼执法”案为例

多源流理论是对公共政策议程进行研究的重要工具。金登指出,政策制定系统中,存在着问题溪流、政策溪流和政治溪流,这三种溪流共同影响了公共政策议程,且当三种溪流相结合时会打开政策之窗,进而迎来政策出台的最佳时机。本文将多源流理论引入上海"钓鱼执法"案例,分析案例中的三种政策溪流及政策之窗,指出公民的网络参与会直接影响公共政策议程:引发政府的关注,提出解决方案,并最终推动新的公共政策出台。     

高风险社会中的公共政策

我国已经进入了高风险社会,这给现行的公共政策体系带来了直接的挑战,它扩展了公共政策的传统边界,转换了公共政策的议程设置模式,改变了公共政策的评价标准.为应对这一挑战,现行的公共政策体系需要做出积极改变.应将私人领域的风险政策纳入公共政策的框架,尊重网络民意在政策议程设置中的合法地位,以政策的可接受性为其好坏的评价标准.     

试论我国公共政策的价值取向

公共政策的价值取向影响着政策问题的构建、公共政策的制定和执行、公共政策的评估。价值取向关系着公共政策是否能有效解决社会公共问题,协调社会多元利益,实现和维护社会公共利益的目标。     

如何防止转型期公共政策公共性的流失?——基于四种类型划分的案例比较研究

随着中国社会转型的推进和利益的日趋多元化,如何防止公共政策公共性的流失成为重要的现实问题和学术问题。为全面探究转型期公共政策公共性的流失发生原因,论文使用类型学研究方法对公共政策公共性的流失现象进行了类型划分,从"流失阶段"和"动力来源"两个维度,将其划分为"源头自利型""源头捕获型""下游自利型""下游捕获型"四个类型,并根据每个类型的特点,选取了对应的典型性案例。通过比较上述类型及案例,发现防止公共政策公共性的流失要做到:通过有效制衡制约公权力自利性;保障民众和社会组织有效参与政策议程;对行政自由裁量权进行必要束缚;完善腐败治理体系以防止公权力被捕获。     

我国公共政策执行受阻因素及对策分析

公共政策执行的效果直接影响着公共政策的作用的发挥。我国正处于社会转型时期,政策问题、政策本身和政策外部环境等因素会造成公共政策的有效执行受到阻碍,这种阻碍会对社会、经济发展造成严重的负面影响,通过分析影响政策有效执行的因素,针对存在的问题采取一定对策来解决问题,会有助于公共政策的顺利实施,促进社会进步。     

从政策议程看大众传媒在公共政策中的重要作用

大众传媒被认为是“立法、行政、司法”之外的“第四种权力”，它对于公共政策过程的重要性主要体现在国家政策议程的设定上。本文主要结合大众传媒自身的特点，从三个方面详细论述了大众传媒对政策议程设定的积极影响，并指出在一定程度上保持大众传媒独立性和自由的重要意义。     

公共政策的公共性与自利性博弈

公共政策是公共权力机构维护公共利益的中间环节,理论上公共政策应具有公共性。然而在其实际运行中,公共政策通常着混合公共性与自利性。本文概述了公共政策以及其公共性和自利性的基本内涵,综合应然与实然状态分析了公共政策的公共性与自利性的博弈过程,以利于更加全面、深刻的认识公共政策制定、实施过程对公共性的偏离。     

试析公共政策执行链上的政策传递过程

本文从公共政策执行的本义出发,提出公共政策执行链的概念,并应用这一结构对公共政策执行过程中的政策传递问题进行了初步分析,得出一些初步的结论。     

公共政策视野下的起诉裁量权

本文以公共政策为视角,分析公共政策对起诉裁量权配置和运行的影响,讨论了保护被害人利益的公共政策,宽严相济、惩罚与教育并重的公共政策、公正与效率兼顾的公共政策对起诉裁量权的作用,以及起诉裁量权中所应有的协商性、交往性含义,并通过应然与实然的比较,提出我国起诉裁量权问题上观念更新和制度更新的必然性和紧迫性.     

转型时期收入分配的政策选择探析

收入分配的公平性问题是建设和谐社会进程中一个必须解决的问题,一个合理的公共政策选择对于缩小收入分配的持续拉大具有十分重要的意义。本文首先分析了我国转型时期收入分配公共政策的价值取向问题,然后论述了我国收入分配的公平性问题及收入差距的影响因素,最后提出了在现阶段我国关于收入分配的公共政策选择。     

政策议程理论综述

政策议程是政策过程中的首要与核心环节,但长期以来一直被人们所忽视,直到20世纪80年代末才有所改观。然而,与政策过程中的其他环节相比,国内外学术界对政策议程相关问题的探讨依然明显不足。为此,本文从政策议程涵义的界定、政策议程类型划分、政策议程的地位和作用、政策议程的设置模式、政策议程设置的动力机制以及隐蔽议程等方面进行综述,以期为国内相关研究的进一步开展提供参考。     

IMPLEMENTING SERRANO

In Serrano v. Priest the California Supreme Court held the state's method of financing public schools unconstitutional because educational expenditures were dependent on district wealth. This article traces the court's ability to structure the implementation of this policy. Although the court succeeded in placing the issue on the agenda, the events since the decision illustrate the difficulties courts encounter when they require action from a legislature. In Serrano, the "polycentric" nature of the problem, the difficulties of obtaining legislative action on a redistribute policy, and the effect of intervening economic forces have served to keep the Serrano principle from being realized fully.     

The Economic Problem of Fixed Costs and What Legal Research Can Contribute

The antitrust laws demand competition but, in general, no competitive outcome is possible in markets characterized by substantial fixed costs. Consequently, restrictions on competition may have an efficiency defense, and a prohibition of cartel agreements may entail costs as well as benefits. Giving examples, this essay illustrates the problem that fixed costs pose for competition, long recognized in economics, and discusses implications for real-world industries. The author addresses Wiley's recent criticism of theoretical and empirical work on the fixed cost problem and outlines an agenda for legal research that can help illuminate the underlying economic and antitrust policy issues posed by industries with high fixed costs.     

我国政策性银行运作模式比较及改革探析

政策性银行的金融服务作为准公益物品,具有公与私物品的两种特性,这决定了政策性银行的运作模式必须是政府与市场的有机结合.由于经营理念、运作模式等方面的差别,经过多年的发展,我国政策性银行之间出现了较大的绩效差异.为提升我国政策性银行的运作绩效,我们须从制度完善、政银分离、治理网络和竞争合作四个方面探索有效的改革路径.     

刍议第三方政策评估对我国的启示

在21世纪的今天,我们应按照构建和谐社会的要求,加大政策评估的力度,要从传统的“统治行政”和近代的“管理行政”评估,发展到当代的“服务行政”评估,要体现行政管理向公共性的回归,使公共性和公共精神成为公共行政的本质特征和核心价值取向。使每项政策的合理性、有效性、回应性等价值取向都有一个合理的评判。这就急需政策外的第三方进行的外部评估。     

Using the Wrong Policy Tools: Education,Charity, and Public Benefit

A recent decision on the application of public benefit under the Charities Act 2006 sidestepped the political debate surrounding the charitable status of independent fee‐charging schools. The broader political context nevertheless underscores the legislative reforms, and this article questions whether the new statutory public benefit requirement has utility as a welfare policy tool in the field of education. It examines the public benefit requirement in charity law against the backdrop of government policy towards education and the broader political agenda for a mixed economy of welfare provision, and argues that the difficulties Labour faced in developing its education policies were replicated in the application of the post‐Act public benefit requirement to fee‐charging schools. As a result, achieving broader policy goals for widening educational opportunity through public benefit was almost impossible given the regulatory framework and the principles upon which charity law is founded.     

Introduction

The eruption of the "culture wars" in 1989 pushed U.S. arts policy to the forefront of the public agenda, leading to extreme political scrutiny of and controversy over the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and its funding activities. As the premier national-level public agency charged with supporting the arts in the United States, the NEA stood at the heart of debates on related arts policy. With an empirical focus on the NEA in the 1990s, we delineate and examine the broader effects and implications of the surrounding debates and related policy outcomes. In general, in keeping with the conservative political agenda of the 1990s in the United States, the result was the development of policies ostensibly aimed at promoting access to the arts that demoted concerns over artistic excellence, along with direct attacks on the NEA's overall administrative philosophy and decision-making practices. Employing insights from critical theory and reflexive sociology, we analyze the dramatic organizational shifts and programmatic restructuring initiated by the NEA in response to this situation and its ultimate effect on the relationships between art, artist, and audience in U.S. arts policy and society today.     

应急时期司法政策的现实运用及风险规控

在国家处于应急时期时,最高人民法院单独或联合出台司法政策已成为非常态社会治理的重要方式。应急时期的司法政策具有出台快速性、效力临时性、目的明确性、主体联动性和运行政治性特点,并通过“作为裁判依据”和“作为裁判背景”的方式化解社会矛盾、维护社会稳定。鉴于司法政策本身的定位不清,其对秩序的追求和紧急权行使与基本法治原则相抵牾,以及“成本—收益”理论阐释该时期政策与法律选择的非自主性,应急时期的司法政策在实现法治价值的同时也极易被不当运用,如直接将行政政策转化为司法政策,为达成维稳目标致使司法政策“运动式”运行,政策的“短期化”削弱司法公信力,以及笼统地将司法政策用作裁判依据等。针对可能风险,我们应基于法律与社会的“诉求—回应”关系,厘清特殊时期司法政策与公共政策的区别,结合教义学体系明确司法政策运用的具体要求,借助案例指引作用阐释司法政策蕴含的裁判规则,以及通过法律论证增强援引秩序价值说理的可接受性。     

Policy processes and police reform: Examining similarities and differences between Scotland and the Netherlands

During 2013 the national governments of both the Netherlands and Scotland have introduced radical reforms which have replaced largely autonomous regional police forces with a national police service. Despite these structural similarities, however, there are important differences in the underlying processes which have shaped these reforms and the broader narratives about policing which have informed public and policy discourses.The purpose of this paper is to understand the underlying dynamics of these police reforms. Following an overview of concepts drawn from the public policy literature regarding policy change, the paper describes in detail the structural changes to policing that have occurred in both countries. These structural changes relate not just to the spatial re-organization of policing but also to the structure of police governance and accountability. The focus then shifts to disentangling key aspects of the decision-making processes which led to the reforms drawing on Kingdon's analysis of policy change and policy formation. The paper concludes with a broader discussion of the similarities and differences in police reform in the two countries, highlighting important issues regarding the significance of political context, debates around localism and policing, and narratives regarding a normative vision of the police role.