Social Roles and Legal Rights: Three Women in Early Nineteenth-Century India

In the early decades of the nineteenth century the small European societies in Madras (now Chennai) and Bombay (now Mumbai) were divided by disputes of such intensity that the authorities in London feared for the future of British power in India. The divisions were legal and social. In law, the Governors and the Supreme Courts of both cities contested the scope of their respective roles with the arguments focusing on the rights of Indians. Again and again, government took alarm at the ‘pro-Indian’ views of reforming judges. The debates were reflected in European social divisions, thereby making them all the more intransigent; legal allegiance became linked to social allegiance. It was this mixture of the legal and the social which gave the wives and other female relatives of the judges a role in the process of reform. Normally confined to multiple pregnancies and restrained social functions, the divisions in European life gave these women an opportunity to influence legal change. Without making official public statements they took part in the development of ideas about Indian rights.     

海南农垦土地权属管理存在的问题与对策研究

海南农垦土地权属管理取得了一定的成果,但也存在着土地纠纷调处管理机构设置不科学;土地权属纠纷较多,特别是场社纠纷中存在的部分历史遗留问题一直没有得到解决,＂退场纠纷＂时有发生,农场已经确权登记发证的土地被周边农民占用又引发新的纠纷导致土地确权工作难度较大,土地确权发证工作不到位等问题,因此,应当完善土地权属纠纷调处机制,有针对性地设置专门的土地纠纷调处机构,统一具体纠纷案件的调处部门,科学划分职责权限,着力解决农垦土地纠纷,在此基础上加强农垦土地确权、登记发证工作。     

Telling the Difference: Nineteenth-Century Legal Narratives of Racial Taxonomy

Telling the Difference focuses on two legal opinions from the nineteenth century that carefully distinguish between those who should be racially marked as nonwhite and those who should not. In the first instance, a Michigan judge decides the appropriate blood fraction of African-American heritage that would prohibit a free man from voting. In the second, a New Mexico judge rules that the Native Americans of Cochiti Pueblo are not legally Indians, and therefore not entitled to federal protection of their land. The oracle uses these examples to advance two central claims: that we must pay close attention to the narrative logic of racial identification in order to understand the powerful contradictions still at the heart of our conversations about race, and that in doing so we should consider that race has always been multiply constructed in the United States.     

Two Properties, One Land: Law and Space in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand

If we use the word land to refer to the physical substance, and reserve the word property for the intellectual apparatus that organizes rights to use land, we can say that in colonial New Zealand, the British and the Maori overlaid two dissimilar systems of property on the same land. That difference in legal thought structured each side's perception of what the other was doing, in ways that illustrate unusually clearly the power of law to organize our aware' ness of phenomena before they reach the level of consciousness. Over the course of the nineteenth century, as the balance of power gradually swung to the side of the British, they were largely able to impose their property system on the Maori. The centrality of property within the thought of both peoples, however, meant that the transformation of Maori into English property rights involved much more than land. Religious belief, engagement with the market economy, political organization–all were bound up in the systems by which both peoples organized property rights in land. To anglicize the Maori property system was to revolutionize Maori life.     

知情权及其保障——以《政府信息公开条例》为例

知情权具有宪法基本权利的位阶。在我国,宪法没有直接规定知情权,但它却被确认于地方政府规章以及党和国家的重要文件中。通过宪法解释方法将知情权列入宪法基本权利的条件已经成熟。《政府信息公开条例》作为保障公民知情权的行政法规,需要处理好处于其上位的《保守国家秘密法》、《档案法》以及处于其下位的"法规和国家有关规定"之间的关系,协调与"卷宗阅览权"、"隐私权"保护之间关系。由政府信息公开引发行政争议构成了一种新类型的行政诉讼,它需要我们在行政诉讼法理论与实务中作出积极的回应,方可切实保障公民的知情权。     

Nineteenth-Century Lawyers and Railway Capitalism: Historians and the Use of Legal Cases

Abstract

The railway was a key factor in nineteenth-century economic development. R.W. Kostal considered the interaction of the industry with lawyers in his book Law and English Railway Capitalism 1825–1875. Yet his conclusion that the law coped badly with the new industry is vitiated by his failure properly to analyse the way the courts applied legal doctrine. In areas such as preincorporation liability for railway companies’ debts, rating and compulsory purchase, the courts applied well-established principles. Even new law in cases like Priestley v Fowler can only be understood in terms of common law principles.     

我国农村土地流转制度的合法性分析

本文从形式合法与实质合法两个方面对目前我国农村土地流转的合法性进行了分析论证,认为,我国农村土地流转的正式制度无论是形式还是实质都具有合法性,而对于农村土地流转的非正式制度——股田制和租用制而言则不具有形式合法性,其实质合法性也有待证实。     

在法律环境下筹办奥运

自从北京成功申办 2 0 0 8年奥运会以后 ,怎样将这届奥运会承办成功就成为举国关注的话题。人们似乎过多地将注意力集中于奥运会对中国经济的客观推动作用 ,却忽视了其他方面的研究。如何将国内现有法律制度与奥运会相关内容相衔接 ,这已成为我国法学界必须着手研究解决的问题。     

建立普遍的法律信仰应成为普法工作的重点

一、法律在人们心目中缺乏权威性是我国法治化面临的重大问题《新华每日电讯》2004年5月30日第一版刊登文章《“嘉禾困局”,因为干群都不“相信”法律?》。文章说,群众对法律的不信任感使得政府处于一种两难境地。“事实上,相对于拿起法律武器维护自身权利而言,老百姓更倾向和依赖上访和借助舆论监督”。老百姓不相信法律,不相信法律的权威大于行政权力,而在政府官员中情况又如何呢?还是以“嘉禾事件”为例“。谁影响嘉禾一阵子,我就影响他一辈子”的口号让嘉禾县成为人们关注的焦点。而这句千夫所指的“霸道”口号竟然是出自2002年嘉禾县委…     

论西北欠发达地区农村土地流转制度的完善

在我国现有的农村土地流转制度中,无论是国家层面还是地方层面都存在着诸多不完善之处,且在发达地区与欠发达地区之间也存在较大差异。在目前条件下,应该对西北欠发达地区土地流转制度给予必要的反思,并就西北欠发达地区土地流转制度的完善提出相应的建议。     

要善於運用法治思維和法律手段治國理政

國務院2010年發佈《關於加強法治政府建設的意見》,要求行政機關工作人員特別是領導幹部要「切實提高運用法治思維和法律手段解決經濟社會發展中突出矛盾和問題的能力」。所謂「法治思維」,是指執政者在法治理念的基礎上,運用法律規範、法律原則、法律精神和法律邏輯對所遇到或所要處理的問題進行分析、綜合、判斷、推理和形成結論、決定的...     

The Ethics of Corporate Legal Strategy: A Response to Professor Mayer

In this issue of the American Business Law Journal, Professor Don Mayer continues an important conversation regarding the ethics of corporate legal strategy. 1 Addressing several of my published works, Mayer offers two primary criticisms: (1) the works are too sanguine with regard to the appropriate scope of the strategic decision to “breach‐and‐pay,” and (2) the works offer too little guidance for the well‐intentioned corporate executive. In this response, I briefly restate my views, address Mayer's two criticisms, and offer concluding remarks.     

农地信托的法律障碍及其克服

农地信托着眼于农业供给侧结构性改革,在不改变农村土地所有权制度和土地承包关系的大前提下,将信托机制引入农地流转融资,以农地经营权为信托财产,以信托公司为受托人,以土地承包经营权人为受益人,从而为解决农村土地改革困局探索了一条可供选择的制度路径。但是作为制度创新,实定立法对其尽付阙如,农地信托实践在主体资格、登记制度和监管体制等诸多层面遭遇障碍。重大改革必须于法有据。当务之急是夯实农地信托法律根基,明定信托为法定流转方式,并着重从委托人法律地位、受托人风险保障和激励机制、农地信托登记规则以及多主体协同监管体制等方面加以制度回应。     

集体土地所有权与使用权法律制度的思考

关于我国集体土地所有权与使用权法律制度,存在立法上严重滞后的现象,其结果一是将我国土地制度改革的实践仅限于城市国有土地,对农村集体土地的改革实践从立法上封闭起来;二是由于立法上的封闭,使得农村土地使用权流转失去实践的机会,引发大量纠纷的产生。应具体分析集体土地所有权与使用权的现行立法规定,理顺集体土地使用权与建筑物所有权之间的关系,完善我国集体土地所有权与使用权法律制度。     

国企改制与国有土地使用权

国企改制是我国经济体制改革的核心内容,而土地资产处置则是国企改制的重要组成部分。根据我国现行有关规定,对国企改制中涉及的划拨土地使用权。根据企业改革的不同形式和具体情况,可分别采取国有土地使用权出让、国有土地租赁、国家以土地使用权作价出资（人股）、国有土地使用权授权经营和保留划拨用地等方式予以处置。     

农村土地承包经营权流转形式之法理分析

农村土地承包经营权的出租、代耕是土地承包经营权的债权性流转方式,反租倒包模式本质上是在农村土地承包经营权的基础上建立起的双层租赁结构。土地承包经营权的转让、互换、抵押是导致物权变动或设定的流转方式。土地承包经营权的转包行为是一种设定与永佃权相当的次级承包经营的行为。在土地承包经营权入股的运作过程中,农民一般是在其土地承包经营权上设定次级承包经营权并将该权利移转给合作社或者公司,从而获得相应的股权。     

气候变化法律应对实证分析——从国际公约到国内法的转化

气候变化问题的全球性决定了构建应对气候变化对策必须集合各领域的通力合作的,法律应对机制是必不可少。以往,我们常常将关注点放在气候变化国际法律制度领域的基本问题研究上,而未真正对气候变化国际法律制度进行认真剖析,找出其目前和未来发展阶段的不足之处;更没有在国际实证分析的基础上,结合我国目前的实际情况,做出完整的法律构架,实现国际法的国内法转化,使气候变化的应对能真正落到实处,毕竟《京都议定书》的实现需要各国知之践行;尽管有必要强调共同但区别原则,但是中国作为负责任的大国,有必要提升“道义责任理念”,从自身内部法律实践做起,为温室气体的减排落实真正尽一份力。