质化研究与循证实践:心理学中研究与实践的关联及互动

在心理学中，研究难以满足实践的需要，实践者甚至在某种程度上排斥研究，呈现出研究与实践相分裂的局面。近年来，心理学研究领域出现了适合研究实践的质化研究范式，实践领域出现了关注与使用研究证据的循证实践运动，为实现心理学中研究与实践的良性互动提供了新的思路与方法。文章阐述了心理学研究与实践的概念及其关联现状，并在此基础上介绍了质化研究与循证实践的兴起背景、特征及其对心理学研究与实践的关联与互动所带来的影响与启示。     

犯罪与司法心理学研究方法——定量与定性的取舍

犯罪与司法心理学的科学研究离不开定量与定性的研究方法,但在长期的理论研究与实践过程中,存在着定量研究与定性研究脱节的现象,本文主要通过具体地阐述定量与定性的研究方法、犯罪与司法心理学基本问题与方法、多种研究方法综合应用来解决犯罪与司法心理学研究中割裂两种研究方法的困境.     

心理学视域的集体记忆研究

集体记忆研究是社会学、历史学、文化人类学的一个重要课题.而近几年来,研究者不断强调人类记忆的社会性特征,重视吸收来自于社会学的记忆研究成果;深刻反思个体心理学对于记忆研究的弊端,积极促进记忆研究的文化转向;主张采纳后现代心理学思想的建构与叙事性观点,勇于借鉴后现代式的研究路径,这些做法促使集体记忆成为心理学界不可忽略的研究主题.目前,在心理学领域内,与集体记忆相关的诸多研究已经逐渐展开,但心理学研究集体记忆也存在着概念解释、方法选择以及具体操作等多方面的挑战.     

论犯罪心理学的研究——对犯罪心理学研究悲观论者的提示

犯罪心理学的研究涉及到犯罪及其治理的众多心理学问题，有着广阔的发展前景。它的研究对揭露和治理犯罪不仅具有重要的理论价值，而且具有重要的实践功用。犯罪心理学应进一步明确学科定位，准确界定学科概念和称谓，进一步加强对基础理论和实际应用问题的研究及与有关学科的联系沟通，以深化学科研究，推动学科发展。     

关联与互动：心理学研究方法的文化品性探新

心理学研究方法是心理学研究中的重要问题.长期以来,心理学家一直关注和强调心理学研究方法的工具属性,仅仅将其视为达成心理学研究的工具或者手段,这严重地窄化和局限了对心理学研究方法的理解和认识,也会影响和局限到对心理学的认识.事实上,在心理学研究方法与文化传统和社会现实之间,还存在着更深层次的关联和互动.心理学研究方法除了具有作为技术支撑的工具属性以外,其文化品质还应该从与文化传统和社会现实的关联和互动中,获得对研究方法全面而又深刻的认识和理解.     

度菥西方心理学三大势力与后现代视野的关联

在现代科学视野和科学哲学理论发生了深刻变化的今天，行为主义阵营内部产生了较大的分化，新的新行为主义走上了革新之路，完成了研究视角的转换。而在光涌澎湃的后现代思潮巨大冲击下，素有人精神与情怀的精神分析学家和人本语螳家自然地与现代视野达成了一定的共识。因此，心理学的三大势力与后现代视野具有着十分密切的关系，相互影响，协同发展。以此为契机，打破科学主义心理学的框架、教条与桎梏、重新心理学的体系。     

现代心理学自然科学品性探析

心理学在一百余年发展历程中以研究方式的自然主义、研究风格的本体论、研究精神的简约性、研究理念因果性、研究方法实证性等理念和精神,建构起自然科学品性.尽管心理学长期以来获得了科学的名分与尊严,但是,它以对科学主义的执意追求,对理性精神的无限张扬,对本身研究生态效度的忽视,对逻辑语词的过于关注,导致现代心理学只见树木,不见森林.现代心理学研究重心和空间的变化与转移,呼唤着心理学理解框架的重新建构,呼唤着重新理解奠基于文化土壤中的心理学.     

法理学概念框架构建之方法论基础

法理学概念框架之建构无法回避变动的社会生活实践与普遍的法理学之间的矛盾,否则法理学将失去说服力而成为杂乱无章的概念组合。约翰·菲尼斯采用亚里斯多德的核心意思哲学方法,结合其实践价值理论,得出以将法律制度看做道德理想的核心情形的法律观点,并以此作为法理学概念框架构建的基础。然而,菲尼斯的方法论尽管在其自身的整体理论中能够自圆其说,但却无法完全破解法理学概念框架构建的个体性与普遍性之间的矛盾。     

从立论之基、研究内涵到方法进路、发展契机——拷问理论心理学研究

受20世纪新物理学和科学哲学的影响,西方心理学的理论研究出现了复兴的趋势,并产生了一个专门化的独立分支学科--理论心理学.它的立论基础及不断进步,主要得益于来自学科外部和内部力量的积极推动.科学实在论、科学解释学和社会建构论汇成了理论心理学的科学重建基础.理论型研究方法领域的持续积累,日益标志着心理学理论探讨的学术自觉和发展进步.西方理论心理学的这些进展对于积极推进国内心理学的理论建设发展具有重要的借鉴意义.     

从“局外人”到“局中人”:心理学研究理念的演变

自20世纪中叶开始,心理学研究理念开始由"局外人"到"局中人"演变,这一演变是心理学发展的需要,其主要原因有:科学哲学思想的演变,自然科学研究理念的转变,后现代思潮的作用和复杂性研究的影响.认真分析这种转变,有助于把握心理学发展的客观规律,确立正确的心理学研究理念与方法论,找到心理学发展的科学路径和相应的研究方法.     

Core Consensus,Strategic Variations: Mapping Arts Management Graduate Education in the United States

This study is the first comprehensive curricular comparison of graduate arts management programs in the United States. Its principal finding is that there exists considerable curricular convergence among arts management programs and that their differences may be exploited strategically. Through extensive curricular analysis and in-depth conversations with faculty, this study makes both conceptual and methodological contributions to the field—conceptual because it provides an empirical basis for the definition of arts management as a formal academic discipline in its own right and methodological because it proposes a framework to effect a systematic comparison of arts management program curricula.     

From dynamic risk factors to causal processes: a methodological framework

ABSTRACT

It is becoming increasingly apparent that dynamic risk factors are unable to function as explanations of offending because they are composite constructs, which contain a mixture of putative causes, states of affairs, and problematic cognitive, affective, behavioural and social states associated with crime. In this paper we draw from psychopathology research and theory on the conception and classification of mental disorders to develop the Dynamic Risk Research Framework (DRRF). In our opinion, the assumptions and methodological tool associated with this framework can better focus research into the causes of offending by making use of the information provided by dynamic risk factors. A conceptual framework such as the DRRF can arguably translate this valuable information into deep, coherent explanations, and ultimately, more streamlined and precise intervention strategies.     

Citizenship, mental illness, and the criminal justice system

The concept of citizenship in regard to persons with mental illness has gained increasing attention in recent years, but little empirical research has been conducted on this topic. In addition, little research or conceptual writing has been done on the topic of criminal justice in regard to citizenship for people with mental illness, in spite of the high incidence of criminal charges and incarceration among this group. We review our work on an applied theoretical framework of citizenship, including its origins in mental health outreach work to people who are homeless and in a jail diversion program. We then suggest the contribution the framework can make to the intersecting issues of mental illness, its criminalization in the U.S., and the goal of community integration for people with mental illness.     

The peripheral core of law and criminology: On postmodern social theory and conceptual integration

Despite significant challenges to some of the ideological underpinnings of the postmodern critique, critical theory building in law and criminology increasingly is subjected to the wholesale advances of this growing, albeit heterodox, school of thought. One greatly underexamined component of postmodern research is a provisional treatment of how its various formulations might suggest alternative approaches to understanding criminal justicians, their research, and their practice. Accordingly this essay assesses core themes (both sociological and epistemological) informing the regard of this perspective for theory construction in law and criminology. Several topics are considered: the social structure of society, role formation, human agency, discourse construction, knowledge or sense making, and social change. Building on Milovanovic's conceptual distinctions between the modernist and the postmodernist projects, the author concludes by speculating on what a model of postmodern conceptual synthesis might encompass, and on how this vision of reality promotes a more humanistic justice than the conventional forms of theoretical integration.     

Naturally Occurring Social Support in Interventions for Former Prisoners with Substance Use Disorders: Conceptual Framework and Program Model

Purpose

Naturally-occurring social support is underutilized in interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders. This paper proposes a conceptual framework followed by a program model to inform the development of naturally-occurring social support interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders.

Methods

We reviewed all published social support interventions designed for former prisoners and people with substance use disorders over a ten year period. Building on the implications of this review, empirical literature, professional experience, and theory, we propose a conceptual framework for naturally-occurring social support programs.

Results

Few published programs exist that actively incorporate social support providers into the program model. Of these, even fewer use naturally-occurring support. Expanding on gaps in theory and program approaches, the conceptual model posits that it is the appropriate match of support needs and provision that reinforces emotions, cognitions, and behaviors, that in turn, promote adaptive outcomes.

Conclusions

With mounting pressure to identify interventions that will reduce high re-incarceration rates, this paper draws attention to a neglected, potentially effective, and low cost resource - naturally-occurring social support. The described program, Support Matters, illustrates how social support interventions can be used with former prisoners to promote reduced relapse to substance misuse and crime.     

Barriers to evaluating the effectiveness of drug treatment behind bars

The delivery of substance abuse treatment within correctional settings marks one of the criminal justice system's primary opportunities to disrupt the drugs-crime nexus. Federally funded residential substance abuse treatment programs were rapidly introduced across the nation, although implementation problems increased their operational variability. This article examines how implementation barriers interrelate with other types of obstacles and multiply to hinder determinations of program effectiveness. Specific barriers were identified from a case study of process and outcome evaluations of the South Carolina Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) program. A conceptual framework groups barriers by type into four interrelated domains wherein additive effects and reciprocal consequences that can undermine effective program assessment are illustrated.     

Using Hawkins's Surround,Field, and Frames Concepts to Understand the Complexities of Special Measures Decision Making in Crown Court Trials

Adjustments to criminal trial processes, called special measures, are available to vulnerable and/or intimidated witnesses giving evidence. Findings from interviews with 13 criminal practitioners suggest that there are notable variations in the uptake of special measures between prosecution witnesses, defence witnesses, and the accused in Crown Court trials. These extend beyond any inequality in their legal provision. This article uses Keith Hawkins's conceptual framework of surround, field, and frames as a heuristic device to understand this differential uptake. The framework delineates the various factors – including the socio‐political, organizational, and attitudinal – which can influence decision‐making practices in relation to special measures. In doing so, this article demonstrates two things. First, that changing the legal provision is unlikely to effect much change in practice, absent specific complementary changes to the field. Second, that Hawkins's framework has potential as an explanatory device in decision‐making contexts outside his own health and safety setting.     

Toward a psychological ecology of affirmative action

Research-based knowledge of the effects of affirmative action has been little help to policy makers. That is the case because there has been no means through which to organize into a policy-relevant whole the findings that have come from a variety of disciplinary sources. A heuristic schematic of the psychological ecology of affirmative action is proposed as a step toward developing a conceptual framework that can reduce this problem. A psychological ecology of affirmative action consists of the mutual relations between policy interest groups and the procedures used to implement these policies. A critical point that the ecological framework leads to is that the nature of affirmative action procedures has a major influence on the material and subjective links between interest groups. Given that claim, the schematic is used to categorize, review, and critique the multidisciplinary research on affirmative action. From that overview, a set of general guidelines for the design of effective affirmative action programs is proposed. Finally, a call is made for a shift in the unit of policy analysis from a focus on group justice to relational justice.