论汉字笔迹的笔顺特征——从书写动作系统性进行研究

笔顺特征是汉字笔迹特征的重要组成部分,是书写习惯动态关系的特点的重要表现形式,在笔迹鉴定中具有重要的价值。本文从书写动作系统出发,对笔迹的笔顺特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入认识笔迹的笔顺特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据。     

论笔迹学中的“运笔”

文字的书写过程,其实质是用笔写字的动作完成过程,故笔迹必然反映运笔动作。研究笔迹必然分析运笔,不仅应重视运笔动作本身,还应重视动作实现过程中的相关制约因素,从而力求从运笔的内涵和形成要件、笔迹对运笔动作及其相关制约因素的反映方式和程度两个方面进行系统、深入的分析,以此揭示笔迹鉴定的根本属性,即借助对笔迹表象的比对分析,从本质上认定书写习惯体系的同一性。然后探索笔迹鉴定过程中特征认识和判断的依据与标准,力求在笔迹学理论中形成对运笔的系统认识和总结。     

浅谈票据类笔迹的检验

笔迹检验是通过对可疑笔迹和嫌疑人的笔迹进行比较鉴别，确定是否为同一人的笔迹，或确定检材是否为某人书写的一项专门技术。其任务是通过研究笔迹中反映的书写动作、习惯特征及文字布局和书面的语言特征等，加以分析为诉讼提供线索和证据。随着社会经济的发展和贪污贿赂类案件的增多，票据类笔迹的检验在文件检验中所占的比例越来越大，其作用也明显突出。     

论汉字笔迹字群结构习惯及特征

目的字群结构是汉字书写动作系统中高频率书写词汇而形成的特殊单字整体结构。其书写动作的习惯特性不同于单字书写动作系统，具有超出单字书写动作习惯的特性和特殊表现形式。因此对字群结构及其特征的研究有利于完善笔迹鉴定的特征体系，尤其是对签名字迹和具有职业习惯者书写的少量字迹的同一认定有一定价值。     

论汉字笔迹的起、收笔特征——从书写动作系统性方面进行研究

本文通过对书写动作的系统分析,从而对笔迹的起、收笔特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入的认识笔迹的起、收笔特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据。     

论汉字笔迹的起、收笔特征——从书写动作系统性方面进行研究

本文通过对书写动作的系统分析,从而对笔迹的起、收笔特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入的认识笔迹的起、收笔特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据.     

论汉字笔迹的起、收笔特征——从书写动作系统性方面进行研究

本文通过对书写动作的系统分析,从而对笔迹的起、收笔特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入的认识笔迹的起、收笔特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据.     

论汉字笔迹的起、收笔特征——从书写动作系统性方面进行研究

本文通过对书写动作的系统分析,从而对笔迹的起、收笔特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入的认识笔迹的起、收笔特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据.     

判断签名真伪“三法”

第一,是从书写动作的一般状况上看。一般情况下,签名字迹可能反映书写笔迹的熟练程度、字体、字形、倾斜、笔压大小特征等。但是,如果属伪装,则要考虑其变化程度的大小。 第二,是从文字的布局、整体角度上看。具体而     

浅谈细微特征在笔迹检验中的作用

笔迹细微特征，是指一个人书写字迹中那些不引人注目的、比较细微的、而又有规律地出现的特殊现象。所以笔迹细微特征具有分布面广、反映微妙、特征稳定可靠的特点，它是我们确定固有的书写习惯，区别不同书写人的重要依据之一。因此．笔迹检验人员要发现和充分运用笔迹的细微特征，这是文字检验工作中的一个至关重要的问题。在此，笔者就如何运用笔迹细微特征进行文字检验谈点体会。     

卧姿笔迹特征的实验研究

目的为卧姿笔迹鉴定提供识别和评断的参考依据。方法比较108个不同书写水平者的仰卧、左侧卧、右侧卧及俯卧笔迹与正常坐姿笔迹特征上的异同点,通过大量实验数据的统计分析,总结出卧姿笔迹特征及其变化规律,探讨可能的变化原因,并分析卧姿笔迹检验的要点。结果卧姿笔迹在字体、写法、错别字、笔顺、字间组合和单字的基本搭配比例等特征上较稳定。这些特征可作为本质特征使用。4种卧姿中,俯卧笔迹特征最稳定;书写水平高者笔迹特征也较稳定。结论卧姿笔迹鉴定应结合卧姿笔迹特征变化规律,准确判断笔迹的形成条件,去伪存真,做出科学的评断。     

汉英文字笔迹特征的比较研究

目的更深入的了解不同国家、地区,不同文种,不同文化背景下的笔迹鉴定工作者对特定文字笔迹鉴定认识的差别。方法以中英文为例,对汉字和英文的特点和笔迹特征进行比较研究。结论汉英文字的笔迹特征分类体系大体相似,并无质的差别,但是不同文字的特点决定了其笔迹特征取向与侧重、价值评断、个别特征的使用率,以及对同一人笔迹特征多样变化的认识上还是有所区别,各具特色。     

Identification of the Class Characteristics in the Handwriting of Polish People Writing in English

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to identify the class characteristics of Polish people writing in English and to specifically identify those characteristics that separate Polish handwriting from English handwriting. In the first stage, 40 Polish and 40 English handwriting samples were collected and systematically examined. In total, 31 features were identified that occurred in ≥25% of the Polish handwriting samples and therefore considered class characteristics. Of these, chi‐square analyses identified 21 class characteristics that occurred significantly more in Polish compared to English handwriting. Twenty‐one of the class characteristics in the Polish handwriting had similar constructions to the copybook pattern thus supporting the theory that class characteristics frequently stem from the taught writing system. In the second stage, an algorithm was developed using seventeen of the class characteristics that successfully discriminated between a further 13 Polish and 12 English handwriting samples.     

笔迹鉴定相关理论问题的考量

理论来源于实践,实践需要理论加以指导。笔迹鉴定的内涵问题、所解决的＂同一＂问题、科学依据问题和鉴定结论的科学表述等均属笔迹鉴定的理论研究范畴,深入研究这些理论问题,对提高笔迹鉴定质量,保证笔迹鉴定结论科学可靠性与可信性的高度统一有着十分重要的意义。     

On the discriminability of the handwriting of twins

As handwriting is influenced by physiology, training, and other behavioral factors, a study of the handwriting of twins can shed light on the individuality of handwriting. This paper describes the methodology and results of such a study where handwriting samples of twins were compared by an automatic handwriting verification system. The results complement that of a previous study where a diverse population was used. The present study involves samples of 206 pairs of twins, where each sample consisted of a page of handwriting. The verification task was to determine whether two half-page documents (where the original samples were divided into upper and lower halves) were written by the same individual. For twins there were 1236 verification cases -- including 824 tests where the textual content of writing was different, and 412 tests where it was the same. An additional set of 1648 test cases were obtained from handwriting samples of nontwins (general population). To make the handwriting comparison, the system computed macro features (overall pictorial attributes), micro features (characteristics of individual letters), and style features (characteristics of whole-word shapes and letter pairs). Four testing scenarios were evaluated: twins and nontwins writing the same text and writing different texts. Results of the verification tests show that the handwriting of twins is less discriminable than that of nontwins: an overall error rate of 12.91% for twins and 3.7% for nontwins. Error rates with identical twins were higher than with fraternal twins. Error rates in all cases can be arbitrarily reduced by rejecting (not making a decision on) borderline cases. A level of confidence in the results obtained is given by the fact that system error rates are comparable to that of humans (lower than that of lay persons and higher than that of questioned document examiners [QDEs]).     

Development of Individuality in Children's Handwriting

Handwriting of children in early grades is studied from the viewpoint of quantitatively measuring the development of handwriting individuality. Handwriting samples of children, in grades 2–4, writing a paragraph of text in both handprinted and cursive, collected over a period of 3 years, were analyzed using two different approaches: (i) characteristics of the word “and” and (ii) entire paragraphs using an automated system. In the first approach, word characteristics were analyzed using statistical measures. In the second approach, pairs of paragraphs were compared. Both types of analysis, single word and complete writing, led to the same conclusions: (i) handwriting of each child remains relatively similar when handwriting has been just learnt and becomes markedly different from grades 3 to 4 and (ii) handwriting of different children becomes progressively more different from grades 2 to 4. The results provide strong support that handwriting becomes more individualistic with child development.     

浅谈笔迹线条主动触觉在笔迹鉴定中的运用

笔迹是书写运动的轨迹,在观察静态特征的同时运用其动态特征,无疑可以提高笔迹鉴定的水平。但如何获取字迹的书写压力、书写速度和加速度等动态特征,目前还是个难题。笔迹心理学中笔迹线条主动触觉的分析是将笔迹书写时的压力与速度贯穿于字迹观察分析的始终,将其运用于笔迹鉴定,可在传统的笔迹鉴定二维平面字迹特征的视觉观察分析模式基础上,将视觉观察与触觉体验相结合,形成字迹形态二维平面特征与书写时笔向下的力度,和沿笔画书写的速度相结合的四维特征观察分析模式。     

论笔迹鉴定差异点的评断

书写习惯的自身同一是包含了差异的同一,而不同人书写习惯的差异则是包含了共性的非本质差异,因而在通过未知与已知笔迹比较检验来实现书写习惯的同一认定时必须科学评断差异的性质,否则同一认定鉴定意见缺乏科学可靠性。在对笔迹鉴定意见的质证中,对差异点的认识和性质的判断成为争议的焦点,而且成为评价鉴定活动是否严谨和科学,以及鉴定意见是否可以采信的主要依据之一。而今面对证据科学对笔迹鉴定意见的挑战,除严格笔迹鉴定的条件外,必须从理论上完善对笔迹鉴定差异点的评断方法,明确评断的规则,从而保证鉴定意见的科学可靠性。     

老年人笔迹变化的形成原因和特点

世界人口老龄化发展的历史表明,人口老龄化对人类社会生活的各个方面都会产生重大的影响。因此,研究老年人笔迹特点及其变化规律对于老年人笔迹鉴定具有理论指导意义和实用价值。根据老年人笔迹变化的形成原因和对老年人笔迹的实验统计分析,包括横向分析、纵向分析、病理性变化的分析,得出了老年人笔迹的特点。