寻找最初的礼——对礼字形成过程的法文化考察

礼起源于对战胜之神玉琮的崇拜，礼生成于战斗之舞旄舞的仪式规则，礼奠基于两性与婚姻生活的禁忌，礼最终完善于宗法贵族式的政权模式。     

Resisting ‘progressive’ carceral expansion: lessons for abolitionists from anti-colonial resistance

This article documents a government-led strategy to more closely integrate policing with community-based ‘crime prevention’ programming in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. These initiatives have targeted neighborhoods with large Indigenous populations. In this article I illustrate how community-level conflicts over responses to ‘crime’ are also sites of settler colonial conflict, and how settler colonial governance is reproduced and resisted through the governance of crime. Interviews with politicians, policy-makers, bureaucrats in the crime prevention branch of the provincial government, and directors and employees at community-based organizations suggest that the pursuit of the government strategy of integrated crime prevention and suppression has been more a project of attempting to ‘manage’ urban Indigenous people than serve their interests. As a contribution to abolitionist thought and theory, this article profiles sites of conflict between community police and community-based organizations over definitions of the ‘crime’ problem in city-center Winnipeg. These examples highlight a kinship between carceral abolitionist and decolonial politics.     

论和谐社区建设中的政府角色定位

本文以城市和谐社区建设中的地方政府角色为着眼点,分析了和谐社区建设中政府角色错位的原因.提出在构建和谐社区过程中,政府应与社区之间建立分工合作的新型关系,应扮演好社区建设的服务者和保障者、社区组织的培育者、社区建设的谋划者和组织者、社区关系的协调者等新角色,发挥政府在建设和谐社区中的作用,以期实现社区和谐的战略目标.     

Nonprofit Organizations,Community, and Shared Urgency: Lessons from the Arts and Culture Sector

Mainstream arts management and stakeholder research highlights the relationships between nonprofit organizations and community, yet empirical research on how those interactions result in outcomes is limited. This article looks at the stakeholder attribute “urgency” and the impact on and by the stakeholder group “community.” Building on a comparative case study of five cultural organizations and their capital intensive facility projects, our research finds that both new and existing organizations embrace a community-wide process whereby internal and external stakeholders are identified, relationships nurtured, social and emotional bonds strengthened, and shared urgency between community and organization is created towards specific outcomes.     

Community policing in indigenous societies – Venezuela: a country profile

In this paper we examine how local citizens and community organizations together have helped shape policing in their neighborhoods, providing new insights into how community policing operates in Venezuela. We also emphasize the unique attributes of policing practice and the current challenges of communal policing.     

Accounting for the "Second Assault": Legal Organizations'Framing of Rape Victims

What organizational and community conditions influence legal officials to treat rape victims “unresponsively”? Our analysis is guided by Goffman's theory of organizational frameworks and frames of activity and March and Olsen's institutional theory of organizations. Using data from 130 m-organizations in Florida that process rape cases, we compare six types of organizations (including hospital emergency rooms and rape crisis centers) on eight criteria and review their frameworks and frames of activity relative to unresponsiveness. We use the issue of victim legitimacy to illustrate the utility of our model. Our results show that well-meaning staff in legal organizations are oriented to routinely treat victims unresponsively. Their organizations routinely orient them to be concerned with, for example, public approval, the avoidance of losing, and expediency more than with victims' needs. In our conclusion, we identify ways legal officials and rape crisis centers can promote responsive treatment of victims. We also call for research on legal organizations that are responsive to victims and for a nationwide discourse on the “politics of rape victims' needs” as a means of addressing the gender inequality issues that underlie rape crimes and laws and orient legal officials to treat victims unresponsively .     

The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime

An important yet poorly understood function of law enforcement organizations is the role they play in distilling and transmitting the meaning of legal rules to frontline law enforcement officers and their local communities. In this study, we examine how police and sheriff's agencies in California collectively make sense of state hate crime laws. To do so, we gathered formal policy documents called “hate crime general orders” from all 397 police and sheriff's departments in the state and conducted interviews with law enforcement officials to determine the aggregate patterns of local agencies' responses to higher law. We also construct a “genealogy of law” to locate the sources of the definitions of hate crime used in agency policies. Despite a common set of state criminal laws, we find significant variation in how hate crime is defined in these documents, which we attribute to the discretion local law enforcement agencies possess, the ambiguity of law, and the surplus of legal definitions of hate crime available in the larger environment to which law enforcement must respond. Some law enforcement agencies take their cue from other agencies, some follow statewide guidelines, and others are oriented toward gaining legitimacy from national professional bodies or groups within their own community. The social mechanisms that produce the observed clustering patterns in terms of approach to hate crime law are mimetic (copying another department), normative (driven by professional standards about training and community social movement pressure), and actuarial (affected by the demands of the crime data collection system). Together these findings paint a picture of policing organizations as mediators between law‐on‐the‐books and law‐in‐action that are embedded in interorganizational networks with other departments, state and federal agencies, professional bodies, national social movement organizations, and local community groups. The implications of an interorganizational field perspective on law enforcement and implementation are discussed in relation to existing sociolegal research on policing, regulation, and recent neo‐institutional scholarship on law.     

Ownership conversions in health care organizations: who should benefit?

Because equity capital is becoming an important financing source for health care organizations, the conversion of many such organizations from nonprofit to for-profit status is a significant public policy issue. Since many states require converting nonprofits to repay the "community" for its investment during the nonprofit status period, three questions arise: (1) How much is the entity worth? (2) How much of that worth should be returned to the community? (3) In what form should it be returned? The paper addresses these questions, and demonstrates why responsible public policy calls for them to be carefully considered if community interests are to be preserved.     

合作治理：成都市推进城市社区建设的探索与思考

随着城市化进程的加快,社区建设已成为城市社会管理的关键所在。近年来．成都市在城市社区建设中对城市社区“合作治理”进行了有益的探索并取得了初步成效。但由于受诸多不利因素的影响和制约．城市社区“合作治理”在实践中还存在一些问题,需要从改革城市社区“合作治理”体制、培育社区民间组织、强化市场化运作、建立有效对接机制等方面推进城市社区建设。     

虚拟社会及其监督管理探析

虚拟社会是现实社会在网络中的反映。虚拟社会有别于现实社会的自身的运行特点给其管理带来了极大的挑战。对于虚拟社会的管理,可以将参与主体抽象为两类:组织和个人;可以采取有针对性措施分别加以监督、管理、引导,由此构建健康、文明、和谐的网络空间。     

草根公益组织发展的困境与对策——“沈阳青春志愿者”个案分析

随着我国公益事业的发展,各类公益组织如雨后春笋般出现。除了部分在国家民政部门注册登记的＂民间组织＂外,还有一类是尚未在任何机构注册、且一直从事公益活动的草根组织。这类组织正逐渐成为推动我国公民社会发展的重要力量。这类组织的出现既是我国经济社会发展的需要,也是公民慈善意识增强的体现。因此,如何解决其发展过程中遇到的问题,已成为摆在我们面前的紧迫任务。     

我国城市社区自治建设研究

我国的城市社区自治是在政府职责与城市基层社会有效衔接过程中形成的,其中,政府发挥着主导作用,社区组织和居民参与是社区自治的主体,三者共同形成了政社合作的良性互动模式。随着社会的快速发展,我国城市社区自治也经历了由不成熟到成熟的过程,并在实践中形成了许多具有鲜明特色的城市社区自治建设模式。     

法律视野下的农村金融机构研究

农村金融是农村经济的核心,但长期以来,我国对农村金融合作制的基本原则认识不清,对农村金融机构的法律地位定位模糊,导致农村信用社及有关组织严重异化甚至背离了其本质属性。从法律视角对农村信用社、农村商业银行及省级农信联社进行探讨,对我国农村金融机构的法律地位进行分析,进而对我国农村金融立法进行展望,这对促进我国农村金融机构的良性运营具有非常重要的意义。     

THE ELUSIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS AND CRIME: AN ASSESSMENT ACROSS DISADVANTAGED AREAS OF THE SOUTH BRONX

Several theoretical perspectives posit a negative association between the extent of a neighborhood's organizational infrastructure and crime; yet, empirical support for this proposition has been limited in that researchers generally examine only a few types of organizations or combine them into one aggregate measure. Studies with few measures may omit organizations that are effective at reducing crime, whereas those using aggregate measures obscure differences across organizations in their ability to control crime. Using data from 74 block groups in the South Bronx, NY, this research seeks to specify more clearly the relationship between organizations and crime in a disadvantaged urban environment. We examine the relationship among nine different types of organizations and violent and property crime controlling for prior crime, land use, and area sociodemographic characteristics. Consistent with theories that highlight the importance of organizations for establishing ties outside the neighborhood, we find that block groups with more organizations that bridge to the larger community experience a decrease in crime. Property crime also is reduced in block groups with more organizations that promote the well‐being of families and children. We find that schools are associated with an increase in property crime, whereas the effects of other organizations are context specific and vary based on neighborhood racial composition, commercial land use, and disadvantage.     

Microcycles of Violence: Evidence from Terrorist Attacks by ETA and the FMLN

Recent research has demonstrated that individual crimes elevate the risk for subsequent crimes nearby, a phenomenon termed “near-repeats.” Yet these assessments only reveal global patterns of event interdependence, ignoring the possibility that individual events may be part of localized bursts of activity, or microcycles. In this study, we propose a method for identifying and analyzing criminal microcycles; groups of events that are proximate to each other in both space and time. We use the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to analyze over 4,000 terrorist attacks attributed to the FMLN in El Salvador and the ETA in Spain; two terrorist organizations that were both extremely active and violent but differed greatly in terms of history, grievances and motives. Based on the definition developed, we find strong support for the conclusion that many of the terrorist attacks attributed to these two distinctive groups were part of violent microcycles and that the spatio-temporal attack patterns of these two groups exhibit substantial similarities. Our logistic regression analysis shows that for both ETA and the FMLN, compared to other tactics used by terrorists, bombings and non-lethal attacks are more likely to be part of microcycles and that compared to attacks which occur elsewhere, attacks aimed at national or provincial capitals or areas of specific strategic interest to the terrorist organization are more likely to be part of microcycles. Finally, for the FMLN only, compared to other attacks, those on military and government targets were more likely part of microcycles. We argue that these methods could be useful more generally for understanding the situational and temporal distribution of crime.     

Technology commercialization: a literature review of success factors and antecedents across different contexts

This paper provides a systematic review of the current literature on technology commercialization. It serves to establish a foundation for the following empirical and theoretical contributions. Technological inventions are fundamental for a country’s economic growth. However, in order to actually generate value for society and profits for the involved companies, these inventions need to be successfully transferred to the market. Therefore, newly developed technologies need to be integrated into products which sell. In particular, our study focuses on the different interaction channels through which technology commercialization occurs. We analyze main groups of institutions, which can either act as developers of technologies and/or organizations bringing these technologies to the market: Universities and research institutes, technology startups, and established companies. We propose a theoretical framework of possible interactions between these organizations and analyze the success factors within the respective channels. Based on the systematic review of 140 articles, key characteristics of the technology development organizations are analyzed with regard to the different possible channels available to commercialize their technology.     

社区治理视野下的社区民间组织发展——以珠海为例

本调研小组通过实证调查的方式发现并分析了当前珠海市社区民间组织存在的问题,其中包括社区居民对社区民间组织了解程度不高,社区民间组织提供的服务内容不均衡,缺乏政府支持以及社区民间组织的参与率不高等。在此基础上提出应以彻底落实"社区本位"的社会管理体制改革的思路为基础,以社区居委会为平台,多元化地拓展对社区民间组织的政策和资金扶持的渠道,创新调动社区居民参加社区民间组织潜在动力的实际措施,建立社区民间组织宣传机制,扩大社区民间组织影响力,让社区居民更加了解社区民间组织。     

Autism behind bars: a review of the research literature and discussion of key issues

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience difficulties coping at all levels of involvement in the criminal justice system. Questions remain, however, regarding the presence and type of difficulties faced by individuals with ASD in the context of incarceration within prison settings. Despite the potential impact for community safety and concerns regarding justice, these issues have received very little academic attention. The research that does exist is generally limited by poor methodology and small sample sizes. The current paper provides a brief review and discussion of the limited extant literature regarding the experiences of prisoners with ASD with the view to summarising areas of difficulties potentially faced by such individuals. It is hoped that this brief review may highlight the need for academic attention in order to inform practice and policy regarding the criminal justice response to this potentially vulnerable population.     

Community justice/restorative justice: Prospects for a new social ecology for community corrections

Community corrections policies and programs have lacked a framework which articulates strategies for engaging community groups and defines roles for citizens in the corrections process. In this paper we critique both traditional approaches to community corrections based on an individual treatment model and the new “get tough” approaches which emphasize punitive sanctions and surveillance. We outline a restorative justice model as an alternative to both of these one‐dimensional, case‐driven approaches. The restorative model targets victims, communities, and offenders for intervention and attempts to engage each of these correctional clients in an effort to repair harm, strengthen communities, and reintegrate offenders following appropriate sanctioning. Obstacles to implementation and threats to cooptation and dilution of a restorative agenda are discussed.     

论侵害生活环境权的法律救济——由广场舞扰民事件引发的思考

近年来．广场舞已成为城市居民最常见的健身方式之一。但广场舞带来的噪音污染却影响了附近居民的生活和健康，侵害了居民的生活环境权。本文从生活环境权与忍受限度论入手。结合日本的相关学说和判例，探讨我国公民如何通过行政、刑事和民事诉讼等途径实现侵害生活环境权的法律救济。