The Safeguarding of Socialist Legality By Local Soviets

V. I. Lenin regarded socialist legality as one of the basic principles of the activity of the state, its organs, officials, and citizens, based upon the requirement that the laws be adhered to unswervingly. He persistently emphasized the need "to hold sacred the laws and directives of Soviet power and to make sure that they are carried out by each and all." (1)     

Interrelations Between Local Soviets and Law Enforcement Agencies

The question of interrelations between local soviets and law enforcement agencies is of both general theoretical and practical importance for the intensification and development of the struggle against criminal and other antisocial phenomena. The Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-seventh Party Congress voiced the demand "to steadfastly raise the responsibilty of law enforcement and other agencies, to strengthen state arbitration and the legal services in the soviets and in the national economy, and to improve the legal education of the population. The use of the entire force of Soviet laws in the struggle against crime and other legal infractions, so that people in every population center feel the concern of the state for their peace and inviolability, so that they be assured that not a single law breaker will escape the punishment he deserves, is an unceasing task."¹     

论地方事务

地方事务是地方事权的事务标准,既是地方人大又是地方政府的事权范围。对地方事务可以作列举式规定,这既有外国的经验可供借鉴,又有国务院已有的相关实践。地方事务仅限于所列举事务,但应具有终局性,以确保地方公权力具有独立、自主空间。国家法制的统一,应通过事后监督加以实现。全国人大和国务院应本着谦抑精神,支持地方对地方事务先行立法和探索。国务院主管部门的公权力行为处理地方事务的,构成越权。对构成越权的部门规章,按《立法法》的规定由国务院处理。对事权争议,则应由国务院另行裁定。法院在个案中,应适用地方性法规。     

Local Soviets in the Ukraine during the Years of the Great Patriotic War

From the very first day of the Great Patriotic War, local Soviets of all the Soviet republics contributed in every possible way to the use of all forces and means for the needs of defense of the Motherland and the defeat of the enemy. The Ukraine was one of the first to experience all the hardships of the fascist invasion: the death of people, the destruction of cities and villages, and the bestial cruelty perpetrated by Hitler's minions on the occupied territory. With the direct participation of the local Soviets of the republic, about 2 million people were mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army in the first months of the war alone, 657 fighting battalions were formed, sections of the People's Army numbering more than a million persons were created, and over 2 million citizens worked to build equipment for defense. The Soviets also used their efforts to organize the evacuation of the population, industrial enterprises, and various material goods from the territory near the front. By the end of 1941, more than 550 enterprises, 427 machine tractor stations, a huge volume of agricultural products, and over 4 million Soviet citizens had been evacuated from the territory of the republic.¹ This tremendous work was done under the leadership of Party organizations, the supreme organs of government, and the central administrative bodies of the republic. The entire country of Soviets gave all-round assistance to the Ukrainian SSR.     

Enhancing the Role of the Local Soviets and Developing Civic Principles in Their Work

The decisions of the last few congresses of the CPSU have played a large role in improving the activity of the soviets. The measures envisaged in the Party Program to improve the work of the soviets, to develop their democratic foundations and civic [obshchestvennye] principles, are being implemented successfully in the local agencies of government and administration.     

检察机关内设机构设置改革问题研究

检察机关内设机构,近十多年来一直是检察改革的研究热点。研究内设机构改革,应从归纳设置现状,分析其存在的问题入手,评析当下各种改革方案之优劣,通过探讨检察职权在检察机关内部的二次分解,研究设置应当遵循的六个原则。借鉴域外法治经验,按照内设机构设置三分模式改革,对于领导决策机构,重点是完善检察委员会的决策机制;对于综合管理机构,建议参考国家行政机关大部制改革模式,大幅压缩机构数量;对于业务办理机构,根据检察权分解,科学界定部门权限,按照诉讼规律适度整合职能,精简机构。     

论地方事务设定的合法性要件

针对地方事务的初次分配(设定),长期由国务院等中央行政机关负责的实践传统不能取代有限制性规定的现行法律。按照这些合法性要件,在设定主体上,全国人大及其常委会和经授权的国务院有权设定地方事务。同时,为适应综合治理的需求,1985年关于经济体制改革的授权决定应及时增补其他领域。在规范形式上,只有宪法、法律与依行政法规程序制定的暂行规定或条例可以胜任;并且要以宪法为依据,以法律为主体,提高人大立法的比重,控制授权立法。在制修程序上,代表团得充分行使提案权,为地方事务的设定发声;“中央和地方协商办事”的治理原则须转化为法定程序,以便地方意见的收集。     

《保护的责任》对"不干涉内政原则"的影响

2001年12月,"干预与国家主权委员会"发布了《保护的责任》的研究报告.报告提出了这样的中心观点,即一个国家有责任保护本国国民免受可以避免的灾难,具体说就是免遭大规模屠杀、强奸和饥饿.如果这个国家没有能力或者不愿意履行它的这种责任,那么国际社会就应当对此进行干预,从而代替这个国家履行这种保护的责任.这种观点强调了尊重人权的重要性,这本是无可厚非的.但是,这种观点同时也对国际法的基本原则,特别是不干涉内政原则造成了冲击.这引起了包括中国在内的国际社会的注意.     

The Local Soviets of Working People's Deputies at the Present Stage in the Building of Communism

The local Soviets have been and remain the most numerous link of the soviet system of representation. Being engaged, day in and day out, with various problems in the development of the economy and culture, they concern themselves with improving the wellbeing of the people under the conditions existing in each populated place. The population often judges the success and shortcomings of the machinery of government in general in terms of the triumphs and failings of the local Soviets. Therefore, in dealing with the problem of reinforcing and developing the Soviets as the organization embracing the entire people and embodying its unity, the 22nd Party Congress and the Program adopted by it directed attention to the need to improve the organization and functioning of all levels of the soviet system of representation.     

Development of the Soviets and the Tasks of Science

The conditions of development of socialist society require intensification of the ties between science [nauka] and the practice of the building of communism. As L. I. Brezhnev emphasized in the Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-fourth Party Congress, "theoretical interpretation of the phenomena of social life and its leading trends enables the Party to foresee the course of social processes and to develop the right political course, avoiding errors and subjectivist solutions." The Congress advanced the task of giving even greater attention to the development of theory and achieving an intimate connection of the social sciences with practical work and the solution of current problems in the building of communism.     

试论地方高校外事工作的新定位

随着高等院校国际交流的不断深入,地方高校的外事工作面临着新的机遇和挑战。外事管理部门应科学探究工作的新定位,积极探索工作的新思路,大力推出工作的新举措。基于科学合理的定位,围绕高校外事工作的大环境,根据学校的规划发展,人才培养和学科建设需要确定工作目标,通过国际交流与合作促进学校整体办学水平的提升。     

检察院内部权力结构转型:问题与方向

我国检察院内部实行三级审批办案模式,权力结构呈现出集体化、行政化、层级分权化的特点。当前,检察权行使的背景正在发生重大变化:案件渐增、检察官素质不断提升、外部制约强化、亲历性要求提高以及司法责任制改革,都使三级审批制难以充分维系。未来的改革应当废除三级审批办案模式,落实员额制,选拔优秀检察官承办案件并赋予其充分的决策权,调整除侦查部门外其他部门负责人的审核权,将检察长对办案的常规监控改为必要时介入,严格限制检察长的指令权,进一步落实检察委员会成为重大案件的决策组织。     

A Road Map for Further Reform of the Bodies of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

A working group formed by the MVD minister Kolokoltsev has prepared proposals for further reform of the bodies of internal affairs, including improvements in professionalism of police, openness of the bodies of internal affairs, police management, accessibility of law-enforcement services, and crime prevention.     

Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation,No. 1065 of November 30, 2012, Moscow, On Certain Questions Concerning Appointment to Posts in the Bodies of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and Dismissal from Service of Employees of the Bodies of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Order No. 1065 defines procedures and responsibilities for appointing to and dismissing from the bodies of internal affairs of the Russian Federation.     

The Preliminary Investigation Agencies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Struggle Against Crime

In recent years the Communist Party and the Soviet government have carried out important measures to improve the functioning of the bodies charged with conducting the struggle against violations of law. One such measure was that of April 1963 endowing agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs [MVD] with the right to engage in preliminary investigation. The measures taken to intensify the struggle against crime, to further strengthen socialist legality, and to enlarge the democratic foundations of Soviet criminal procedure facilitated growth in the role of the preliminary investigation in criminal procedure and enlarged the guarantees of comprehensive, complete, and objective investigation of crimes.     

司法行政机关行政复议范围研究

《行政复议法》实施以来,司法行政机关运用行政复议手段在化解争议、定纷止争方面,发挥了愈来愈明显的作用。2007年5月,国务院颁布《行政复议法实施条例》,行政复议作为层级监督、行政救济的功能将在司法行政领域得到进一步彰显。随着社会政治、经济生活的深入变革,司法行政工作的改革和发展的不断深入,司法行政机关行政复议工作面临的新情况、新问题亦逐渐凸显,特别是司法行政机关行政复议范围的修改更显得紧迫。司法行政机关行政复议范围的确定,     

Improving the Functioning of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies

V. I. Lenin saw a fundamental and necessary condition for transforming the life of society on socialist principles to lie in the constant strengthening of the Soviets and the socialist state, a strengthening which he also regarded as a dependable defense of the interests of the working class and of working people as a whole.     

地方政法委协调处理刑事案件的制度考察及分析

我国的刑事案件事实认定机制不具有对抗"协调"的功能。书面认定案件事实是地方政法委协调处理案件的技术方式。现行制度设置决定了案件事实认定主体具有多元化的特征。要保证我国刑事诉讼程序得以有效运行,就需要地方政法委在一定程度上发挥协调功效;同时,要实现公、检、法三机关之间的利益平衡也需要地方政法委进行协调;此外,地方政法委通过对刑事案件进行协调处理也可以实现自身的政策目标。目前,不宜取消地方政法委对刑事案件的协调制度,但应当合理限制地方政法委协调刑事案件的范围,并禁止地方政法委对刑事案件事实进行"协调"。地方政法委对刑事案件适用程序的协调功效应部分予以保留。地方政法委也不应对办案机关之间因处理刑事案件而出现的利益"纠葛"进行"协调"。此外,地方政法委不能以实现政策目标为由,以协调处理刑事案件的方式,不当干预办案机关正常办案。     

A Study of the Effectiveness of Village and District Soviets in Belorussia

For the role of local soviets to rise requires an increase in the efficiency of the organizational and legal forms by which they function. Scientific studies making it possible to offer well-founded recommendations to improve both legislation and practical experience are called upon to play an important role in this. In particular, empirical research (the study of documents: minutes of sessions, meetings of standing committees, decisions of election commissions, the periodical press, etc.; statistical data, observations, interviews, etc.) make it possible to study such questions concerning the activity of soviets of working people's deputies as the level of deputies' activity at sessions, the establishment and functioning of standing committees, the degree to which the work of the soviets is conducted before the eyes of the public, and so forth.