"辞官下海"与廉政监控

本文简述了近年来出现的我国第二次党政干部辞职经商办企业的类型、特点及对廉政建设的冲击,阐述了在职党政干部不得经商办企业的廉政义务,论证了离职党政干部在离职后的一定期限内仍然负有这一义务,分析了这一义务的例外情形,主张对离职党政干部到企业任职作更完善的制度建设和更有效的监控.     

Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios

Eight Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) were analyzed in the sample of 117 unrelated Albanian males living in Kosovo. A general STR allelic frequency pattern in the Albanian population from Kosovo corresponds to other European populations. Fourty six haplotypes were observed in single copy. The most frequent haplotypes were (DYS19-DYS385-DYS389I-DYS389II-DYS390-DYS391-DYS392-DYS393) 14-11/11-13-29-24-11-13-13 (10.26%), 14-14/17-12-28-24-10-11-12 (9.40%), 13-16/18-13-30-24-10-11-13 (9.40%), and 14-17/17-13-31-24-10-11-13 (9.40%).     

Evaluation of Y-STR variation in Bosnian and Herzegovinian population

Eight Y-STR polymorphisms (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) were analyzed in the samples of 181 unrelated males from Bosnia and Herzegovinia. Observed STR allelic frequency pattern and locus diversity values in Bosnians and Herzegovinians correspond closer to neighboring southeastern European populations than previously reported (mostly western) European populations. One hundred and five haplotypes were identified and 78 haplotypes (74.3%) appeared in single copies. The most frequent haplotypes (DYS19-DYS385-DYS389I-DYS389II-DYS390-DYS391-DYS392-DYS393) were 16-14/15-13-31-24-11-11-13 (7.7%), 16-14/15-13-30-24-11-11-13 (7.7%) and 15-14/15-13-31-24-11-11-13 (5.5%). Total haplotype diversity was 0.9820 +/- 0.0040.     

Allelic and haplotypic frequencies at 11 Y-STR loci in Buryats from South-East Siberia

We have obtained Y-STR haplotypes in 12 loci (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439) from 215 Buryat males. We have found that one haplotype (15-11,18-13-28-23-10-11-14-14-10-12) comprises more than 30% of Y chromosomes in this population while another haplotype (14-11,13-14-30-23-10-14-14-14-10-10) comprises additional 14% of chromosomes. The population under study seems to be very homogenous as far as Y chromosome is regarded and the most frequent haplotype seems to be the modal haplotype for Buryats.     

GC-MS and GC-IRD analysis of 2-, 3- and 4-methylmethamphetamine and 2-, 3- and 4-methylamphetamine

4-Methylmethamphetamine has been detected in samples submitted for analysis in several states throughout Australia. Six ring substituted methyl isomers of methamphetamine and amphetamine were synthesised and analysed. As the regioisomeric 2-, 3- and 4-methylmethamphetamine and 2-, 3- and 4-methylamphetamine have virtually identical mass spectra, the use of MS is an ineffective technique to discriminate between these closely related compounds. We set out to determine whether the regioisomers could be differentiated by a combination of GC-MS, acetyl derivatisation and GC-IRD. We demonstrate that the three isomers of methylmethamphetamine and methylamphetamine can be separated by GC, and a combination of acetyl derivatisation and vapour phase IR can identify the specific ring substituted compound.     

Chiral identification and determination of ephedrine,pseudoephedrine, methamphetamine and metecathinone by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance

The enantiomers of the related substances methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and methcathinone were determined by both gas chromatography after derivatization and by nuclear magnetic resonance using a chiral solvating agent. For GC the substances were derivatized with (R)-(+)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA) to give diasteromeric derivatives. Resolution (baseline) of at least 1.6 was obtained between all derivatives. NMR determination of the enantiomers was conducted in a chiral environment by the addition of the chiral solvating agent, (R)-(+)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, to NMR solutions of the substances. Racemization of methcathinone was demonstrated to be facile by exposure to alkaline solutions for varying periods of time. Enantiomeric ratios of some products derived from the oxidation of ephedrine were determined.     

Association between LDLR polymorphism and diseases in the Japanese population: aging and distribution of the polymorphism

A number of DNA polymorphisms have been found to be associated with the pathophysiology of some common disease. If the LDLR polymorphism is directly or indirectly related to some fatal disease, the distribution of the polymorphism may vary with age. We therefore investigated the aging-associated distribution of the LDLR polymorphism. Blood samples were collected from Japanese cadavers (aged 0-91) at autopsy. The LDLR polymorphism was detected using a AmpliType PM PCR Typing kit. When the LDLR genotype was examined in cadavers divided according to age into 0-29 year group, 30-59 year group, and 60-91 year group, there were significant differences in genotype among the three age groups and between the 0-29 year group and 60-91 year group. The LDLR-A genotype tended to be lower in the older cadavers. The present study revealed that there were aging-dependent differences in the distribution of the LDLR polymorphism in autopsy samples, suggesting that a common mutation involved in the occurrence of fatal diseases may be present near the LDLR-A polymorphism locus.     

Temperature-correction of abdominal impedance: improved relationship between impedance and postmortem interval

The relationship between extracellular abdominal impedance and postmortem interval (PMI) reflects the combined effects, on impedance, of postmortem cooling of the tissues and of autolysis per se. This study was performed in order to eliminate temperature change as a major factor contributing to the time course of postmortem change in abdominal impedance. Dissociation of thermal and autolytic influences was achieved by recording deep abdominal temperature at the time of impedance measurement, followed by correction of all measured impedances to their theoretically predicted values at an arbitrarily chosen temperature of 40 degrees C. Uncorrected abdominal impedance increased from 82+/-12 Ohmz, 1 h after death, to 108+/-21 Ohmz after 12 h. Impedance then decreased to 96+/-23, 89+/-22, 75+/-19, 66+/-21 and 59+/-19 Ohmz at postmortem intervals of 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, respectively. In contrast, corrected abdominal impedance decreased progressively from 63+/-7 Ohmz, 1 h after death, to 61+/-9, 56+/-11, 51+/-10, 46+/-10, 39+/-11 and 35+/-10 Ohmz at postmortem intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, respectively. The improved relationship between (corrected) abdominal impedance and PMI is of potential value in estimating time since death.     

肋软骨及牙髓细胞DNA含量与PMI的相关性

目的探讨人死后肋软骨及牙髓细胞平均DNA含量与死亡时间(PMI)的相关性,寻求推断PMI的新方法。方法应用细胞图像分析技术分析高温(30～35℃)及低温(15～20℃)环境下人死后0～15d两种组织细胞平均DNA含量的降解情况。结果两种组织细胞平均DNA含量随死后时间的延长而逐步降解,其中低温组牙髓细胞平均DNA含量的降解在死后0～4d内有一个降解平台期。统计分析两组温度下两种组织细胞平均DNA含量与PMI有显著的负相关性(P<0.01)。结论依据两种组织细胞平均DNA含量的降解可进行PMI推断。     

Target screening and confirmation of 35 licit and illicit drugs and metabolites in hair by LC-MSMS

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) target screening in 50mg hair was developed and fully validated for 35 analytes (Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, methadone, fentanyl, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, scopolamine, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, tetrazepam, triazolam, zolpidem, zopiclone, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine). Hair decontamination was performed with dichloromethane, and incubation in 2 mL of acetonitrile at 50°C overnight. Extraction procedure was performed in 2 steps, first liquid-liquid extraction, hexane:ethyl acetate (55:45, v:v) at pH 9, followed by solid-phase extraction (Strata-X cartridges). Chromatographic separation was performed in AtlantisT3 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3 μm) column, acetonitrile and ammonium formate pH 3 as mobile phase, and 32 min total run time. One transition per analyte was monitored in MRM mode. To confirm a positive result, a second injection monitoring 2 transitions was performed. The method was specific (no endogenous interferences, n=9); LOD was 0.2-50 pg/mg and LOQ 0.5-100 pg/mg; linearity ranged from 0.5-100 to 2000-20,000 pg/mg; imprecision <15%; analytical recovery 85-115%; extraction efficiency 4.1-85.6%; and process efficiency 2.5-207.7%; 27 analytes showed ion suppression (up to -86.2%), 4 ion enhancement (up to 647.1%), and 4 no matrix effect; compounds showed good stability 24-48 h in autosampler. The method was applied to 17 forensic cases. In conclusion, a sensitive and specific target screening of 35 analytes in 50mg hair, including drugs of abuse (THC, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines) and medicines (benzodiazepines, antidepressants) was developed and validated, achieving lower cut-offs than Society of Hair Testing recommendations.     

Positive- and negative-ion mass spectrometry and rapid clean-up of 19 phenothiazines

Positive-ion electron impact (PIEI), positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra of 19 phenothiazines are presented. In the PIEI mode, peaks due to M, M minus side chain (M - R1), M - R1 + H, and side chain itself (R1) appeared for most compounds. The M - R1 and R1 ions were very useful for drug screening. In the PICI mode, most spectra showed base or intense peaks due to M + H, and small peaks due to M + C2H5; peaks due to M - R1 + 2H and R1 also appeared in many compounds. In the NICI mode, fragmentation modes were different in different compound groups; molecular or [M - H]- quasi-molecular anions appeared in many compounds with aliphatic side chains. Anions at m/z 98 and 115 were characteristic for compounds with (N-methylpiperazinyl)propyl side chains. Selected ion monitoring in the PIEI mode generally gave much higher sensitivity than in the PICI and NICI modes. Phenothiazines present in urine or plasma could be rapidly isolated by use of Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. Thirteen of 19 phenothiazines could be detected by HP-17 wide-bore capillary gas chromatography with satisfactory separation from impurities in their underivatized forms.     

Urinary endogenous concentrations of GHB and its isomers in healthy humans and diabetics

Urinary endogenous concentrations of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), alpha-hydroxybutyric acid (AHB) and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) have been investigated for both healthy humans and diabetics by using a newly optimized GC-MS procedure. The endogenous concentrations in healthy volunteers' urine ranged 0.16-2.14 microg/ml for GHB, 0.10-2.68 microg/ml for AHB and 8.51-34.7 microg/ml for BHB. In diabetics, the concentrations ranged 0.17-3.03 microg/ml for GHB, 0.14-124 microg/ml for AHB and 4.94-4520 microg/ml for BHB. Although notably elevated BHB and AHB concentrations were observed for severely uncontrolled diabetics, their GHB concentrations ranged within or near the range seen in healthy humans. The results of this study confirm the previously suggested 10 microg/ml cutoff concentration of urinary GHB to distinguish exogenous GHB, even for uncontrolled diabetic patients suffering severe ketoacidosis.     

International Patent Law is Obsolete and Copyright is Obsolete

‘A book may be good for nothing; or there may be onlyone thing in it worth knowing; are we to read it all through?’(Samuel Johnson) This section is dedicated to the review ofideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will includereplies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of newideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directlyand indirectly related to intellectual property law.

International Patent Law is Obsolete By Anna Mancini, 2006,New York: Buenos Books Price: US$35, Paperback, ISBN: 1-932848-17-7E-book Price: US$7, ISBN: 1-932848-16-9 Copyright is ObsoleteBy Anna Mancini, 2006, New York: Buenos Books Price: US$35,Paperback, ISBN: 1-932848-17-7 E-book Price: US$5, ISBN: 1-932848-19-3   In International Patent Law is Obsolete Dr Mancini's openingpremise is     

举证时限制度的困境与出路——追问证据失权的正义性

以失权为核心的举证时限制度正面临着困境。本文对证据失权的正义性提出了质疑。文章认为,证据失权本质上不同于答辩、管辖权异议、上诉等失权,因此不能用上述失权的必要性和合理性来说明证据失权的正当性。证据失权与实体公正存在不可调和的矛盾,失权会造成实体公正失落。我国目前的失权制度甚至也不符合程序公正的要求。美、德等西方国家其实并未真正实行严格的证据失权。改造目前的举证时限制度,用费用制裁替代证据失权,是走出困境的方法。     

Synthesis of 2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines and their regioisomeric differentiation by mass spectral analysis using GC-MS-MS

3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) derivatives are increasingly abused central nervous system stimulants with neurotoxic properties. In recent years a number of controlled substance analogs (designer drugs) with high structural variety reached the illegal market making their identification an arduous task. The underivatized compounds give very similar or even virtually identical electron impact mass spectra containing mainly intense C(n)H(2n+2)N(+) immonium ions. Using tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) the additional structural information contained in the collision induced dissoziation (CID) mass spectra of molecular ions using electron impact (EI) and especially chemical ionization (CI) allowed an unequivocal differentiation of 18 studied regioisomeric 1-(methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamines and 1-(methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamines.Further synthetic methods are presented for 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-N-propyl-2-butanamine, N-isopropyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine and four 1-(2, 3-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamines. N-alkylated 1-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine compounds (e.g. MBDB) are also known to be abused psychoactive agents (entactogenes) without the sympatomimetic effects of the 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines.     

社会文化生态与全面建设小康社会

全面建设小康社会是一项涉及经济、政治、文化、生态等诸多因素的系统工程,其中,能否从深层次上充分认识和准确把握当代小康社会得以顺利实现的一个重要客观基础--社会文化生态基础,能否自觉地将社会文化生态系统的稳定、优化与这一建设有机地结合起来,在一定程度上乃是涉及全面小康建设成败的一个关键因素。     

未成年人犯罪非监禁化理念与实现

监禁处遇对于未成年犯罪人而言更意味着消极性,而不是积极性。对于未成年犯罪人尽量避免监禁,已经成为各国少年司法制度共同的理念。非监禁化应当包括三个紧密联系的环节:市前的非监禁化、刑罚选择(量刑)的非监禁化(包括监禁刑的避免适用和虚置)、刑罚执行的非监禁化(行刑社会化)。实现未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念应当推行转处制度;建立健全少年保释制度,提高未成年人取保候审率;尽量适用非刑罚处理方法和非监禁刑,提高缓刑适用率;行刑社会化,开展社区矫正。在推行未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念改革中,应当完善风险评估与责任制度,完善非监禁化的社会支持系统。     

劳工群体性事件及其纠纷解决机制的法律思考

劳工群体性事件频繁爆发是多种因素综合作用下的产物,是劳动者在缺乏其他可行的诉求渠道来表达其利益诉求、解决其利益冲突的必然结果。要从根源上消解、减少劳工群体性事件事件的发生,必须将劳工群体性事件的预防与处置纳入法制轨道,尽快完善我国现行劳动争议处理机制,整合社会力量和资源,畅通、拓宽维权渠道,构建劳工群体性争议的纠纷解决机制。     

Medicare and state health care programs: fraud and abuse, civil money penalties and intermediate sanctions for certain violations by health maintenance organizations and competitive medical plans--HHS. Final rule

This final rule implements sections 9312(c)(2), 9312(f), and 9434(b) of Public Law 99-509, section 7 of Public Law 100-93, section 4014 of Public Law 100-203, sections 224 and 411(k)(12) of Public Law 100-360, and section 6411(d)(3) of Public Law 101-239. These provisions broaden the Secretary's authority to impose intermediate sanctions and civil money penalties on health maintenance organizations (HMOs), competitive medical plans, and other prepaid health plans contracting under Medicare or Medicaid that (1) substantially fail to provide an enrolled individual with required medically necessary items and services; (2) engage in certain marketing, enrollment, reporting, or claims payment abuses; or (3) in the case of Medicare risk-contracting plans, employ or contract with, either directly or indirectly, an individual or entity excluded from participation in Medicare. The provisions also condition Federal financial participation in certain State payments on the State's exclusion of certain prohibited entities from participation in HMO contracts and waiver programs. This final rule is intended to significantly enhance the protections for Medicare beneficiaries and Medicaid recipients enrolled in a HMO, competitive medical plan, or other contracting organization under titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act.     

用PCR和ESI-TOF-MS技术检测线粒体DNA的异质性

目的用PCR和ESI-TOF-MS分型技术检测线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D环高变区,通过碱基组成分析mtDNA的异质性。方法从华东汉族群体选取12名无关个体,用PLEX-ID平台进行mtDNA分型。该平台使用12对引物,对mtDNA高变区1（HVⅠ,引物所跨区域为15893~16451）进行碱基组成分析;使用另外12对引物,对mtDNA高变区2（HVⅡ,引物所跨区域为5~603）进行碱基组成分析,考察mtDNA异质性频率。结果 mtDNA多态性区域的碱基组成信息反映出区段内有无异质性。在高变区Ⅰ的12个区段中,有3个区段表现出多聚C长度异质性：在mtDNA高变区Ⅱ（31~576）的12个区段中,有3个区段检见点异质性,另外5个区域检见Poly C长度异质性。结论群体调查表明,mtDNA的序列异质性多见于高变区Ⅱ的103~267区段,多聚C长度异质性多见于高变区Ⅰ的16124~16201、16157~16201、16182~16250区段和高变区Ⅱ的234~367、431~576区段。将mtDNA标记用于母系关系检验和（或）个体识别时,需要格外留意这些异质性信息,以免结论错误。