欧洲政治一体化的发展与前瞻

欧洲政治一体化经历了"欧洲政治合作"、"共同外交与安全政策"以及"共同安全与防务政策"三个发展阶段,使欧洲国家外交政策的合作越来越紧密。然而因各国外交利益的不同道致欧洲外交政策无法步调一致,因此影响了欧洲联盟对国际事务的影响力。《里斯本条约》改变了欧洲联盟传统的外交与安全体系,创造了一个"金三角、两系统"的新格局,亦即建构"新人事制度"、"新外交决策体系"与"新外交行政体系"等,使欧洲联盟外交与安全体系焕然一新。这种新格局下可能创造出来的外交能量,极可能增强欧盟的外交能力,使欧洲联盟成为更具影响力的全球角色,这项变革将大大增加欧洲联盟成为国际政治新强权的实力,未来欧盟亦将因此对国际体系发挥前所未有的影响力,以上发展值得深入研究与观察。     

试析曲折发展中的欧洲防务联合

欧洲防务联合是欧盟一体化建设不可或缺的组成部分,也是欧盟政治一体化建设的最终目标和重要保障。近年来,受法国、荷兰否决欧盟条约,欧盟中期预算危机以及德国、西班牙等成员国大选等因素的冲击,欧盟一体化进程整体受挫,被迫驶入“慢车道”。但是,防务领域的建设并未受到实质性影响,共同安全和防务政策不仅继续稳步推进,甚至在维和方面有所突破。文章对欧洲防务联合的历史进程进行了详细的回顾与梳理,之后指出了它的最新进展和继续发展所面临的困难。     

欧盟东扩的文化基础及其战略意义

20世纪 90年代欧盟各成员国开始了长达数年的欧洲认同讨论 ,并通过确定欧洲文化认同和欧洲 (文化 )界定 ,促进欧洲一体化 ,实现后冷战时期欧洲的稳定和安全。在这一背景下 ,欧盟在 90年代开始推出东扩计划 ,并把它同欧元与共同外交和防务一起看作是后冷战时期欧盟实现欧洲安全和稳定的三项主要行动。综观近年欧盟东扩计划实施进程 ,人们不难看到 ,除政治、经济和安全因素外 ,欧盟东扩在一定程度上也受到文化因素的制约。本文从欧洲文化认同和欧盟东扩两个方面 ,阐述欧盟东扩的文化基础和其战略意义 ,以此探索欧盟东扩的文化特殊性     

中东欧国家的外交政策:定位、取向及影响

冷战结束后 ,“加 (欧 )盟入 (北 )约”是中东欧国家外交与安全政策的首要目标。从政治、经济、历史与地缘安全利益等因素进行综合分析 ,中东欧国家将采取“亲美不脱欧”的外交选择。同时 ,改善与俄罗斯的关系在中东欧国家的外交政策中也占有重要地位。短期内这些国家将使正在形成的欧洲安全与防务政策和共同外交与安全政策受到大西洋主义的影响 ;从长远来看 ,中东欧国家将因与欧盟的利益融合而加快“欧洲化”的发展趋势。     

欧洲战略自主构想的缘起、内涵与实施路径

战略自主是欧洲应对当今地缘政治、经济和科技变局的整体性战略构想.欧盟在其框架下发展出欧洲主权、经济主权、技术主权、数字主权等衍生概念,陆续推出大量战略、法律、规则和政策措施,重点在外交与安全、经济与贸易、数字与科技等三大行动领域出台一整套政策工具箱.借助这一构想,欧盟意图在工业产业、竞争、贸易、科技、外交、防务等领域解...     

重塑欧美安全关系?——对欧盟“永久结构性合作”机制的解析

欧美安全关系的一个核心问题是北约与欧盟独立安全与防务建设之间的关系。在北约主导的欧洲安全秩序结构下,欧盟独立安全与防务建设的自主性有限、能力建设长期不足。如今,在内外安全环境恶化、英国脱欧和美国特朗普政府调整北约政策的背景下,欧盟25国于2017年12月启动"永久结构性合作",目前已涵盖两批共34个合作项目。"永久结构性合作"是一个有雄心、约束力和包容性的安全合作机制,呈现出欧盟安全与防务领域灵活一体化的发展路径。但是,当前成员国对欧盟防务的"战略文化"和安全威胁认知存在较大分歧,"永久结构性合作"的聚焦领域和审查机制仍然存在局限性。因此,欧盟只能获得有限的战略自主性。"永久结构性合作"在资源获取方面与北约构成竞争关系,但在能力建设方面与北约互补、互用。从这一合作机制的设计来看,欧盟预计将通过"永久结构性合作"构建强大的北约"欧洲支柱",提升对北约防务的贡献度,从而协调欧盟安全与防务一体化和北约的平衡发展,使欧美安全关系良性互动。     

绿党的欧洲化与欧洲民主:功能与局限

基于传统的民主与政党政治理论可以在适当调整后应用于欧盟政治研究的方法论假定,文章对正在形成与发展中的欧洲政党之一的欧洲绿党进行了个例研究。在对其政治纲领、组织结构和政治参与等的量化分析后认为,欧洲绿党已经在相当程度上演变成为一个欧洲政党,但这更多是其成员绿党适应日益制度化的欧盟政治比如欧洲议会选举而不断欧洲化的结果,它在欧盟政体民主转型中的促动性角色依然相当有限。     

当代西方学术界对欧盟国际气候谈判立场的研究综述

鉴于欧盟在国际气候谈判及全球气候治理中的重要影响和"领导"作用,对欧盟气候变化政策及其国际气候谈判立场的研究受到西方学术界的广泛关注。本文主要从两个方面对当代西方学术界关于欧盟国际气候谈判立场及相关研究进行综合概括和评述:首先,从总体上介绍当代西方学术界对影响一个国家(或国家集团)国际气候谈判立场的理论研究;其次,关于欧盟与成员国及其他欧洲国家国际气候谈判立场的研究。通过上述分析,本文总结了六类分析欧盟国际气候谈判立场的理论视角:一是环境外交政策分析法;二是经济利益决定论;三是国内政治分析法;四是双层博弈分析法;五是制度主义分析法;六是观念建构视角。     

话语行动与身份建构:“规范性力量欧洲”的反思

本世纪初伊安-曼纳斯提出"规范性力量欧洲"后在欧洲研究学界引起了广泛的反响和争论,这一理论视角常常被认为太过理想主义。曼纳斯为什么作出这样的规范理论选择?他又是如何通过这样的选择去应对欧盟的现实困境的?本文从建构主义的概念分析出发提出"规范性力量欧洲"的理论问题来源于冷战后欧洲的社会现实,它的提出及发展很大程度上是为了应对冷战结束后欧盟身份认同对外和对内两个向度的深刻危机;政治学者通过"规范性力量欧洲"这一政治话语来界定他者,以此来建构欧盟的认同。     

欧洲:疆域与认同的历史辨识

"欧洲"是个历史概念,在15世纪之后才普遍出现在欧洲人的讨论之中。"欧洲"和与"欧洲"相连的一些观念同欧洲大陆上的历史进程密不可分。欧洲目前的地理范围所展示的不仅是疆土,还暗示了欧洲人对自身的认同。理解"欧洲"观念的历史内涵,对于理解目前的欧盟东扩以及关于欧盟边疆的讨论,是必不可少的。本文从欧洲的地理范围、欧洲历史上存在的政治社会组织以及欧洲观念的文化内核三个方面,梳理"欧洲"观念发展的历史,并力图厘清"欧洲"观念的基本内容。     

‘Europeanization’ as a legitimation strategy of political parties: the cases of Ukraine and Georgia

This article’s objective is to critically assess the top-down rational choice and sociological approaches to Europeanization, while advocating the ‘usages of Europe’ approach. I argue that both classic top-down perspectives do not adequately grasp the nature of Europeanization of political parties beyond member and candidate countries. Empirically, the analysis focuses on transnational cooperation of political parties from Ukraine and Georgia and stresses agency of domestic partisan actors seeking international and domestic legitimacy. It is argued that European party federations and parliamentary cooperation formats should not only be seen as channels of top-down Europeanization, but they should rather be conceptualized as resources that are used strategically by domestic political parties. Thus the article deals with the following question: To what extent and how channels of Europeanization have been used by national political parties from outside the European Union as resources serving to attain partisan goals, both in terms of domestic positioning and international legitimacy? Patterns of strategic and legitimating usage of European partisan and parliamentary resources depend on whether parties in question are in power or in opposition and whether they are more pro-European or more pro-Russian.     

Croyances et coopération : analyse du réseau des acteurs de la Politique de sécurité et de défense commune de l'UE

This article analyses the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy in a sociological perspective. Although nationalities still influence ESDP actors' preference in matters of European defence, they are not linked to their cooperation relations in a policy field that has been transgovernmentalized in a decade only. using Social Networks Analysis and an original database, we compare the cooperation relations of a sample of key ESDP actors with their beliefs on some issues of this policy field. In accordance with our theoretical framework, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, we find that the increasing number of cooperation relations between our actors is linked with the convergence of some categories of beliefs about European defence.     

Europeanization as a Democratization Tool? The Case of Morocco

This paper applies the Europeanization ‘toolkit’ to EU democratization policies in Morocco within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework. To this aim, the bottom-up and top-down dimensions of EU?Morocco relations are analysed diachronically both before and after the Arab Spring. The analysis shows that the Moroccan ruling elite has used the anchor to the EU as a survival strategy and that the EU has merely responded to Moroccan political liberalization rather than having influenced it. Therefore, the paper debates the extent to which the very notion of Europeanization might be used with respect to democratization policies in Morocco, and it shows an overturning of the sender?receiver relationship proving that Europeanization has been used instrumentally rather than having any autonomous supportive effect on democratization.     

“欧洲化”进程与中东欧国家的政党政治变迁

随着欧盟因素的介入,中东欧各国在政治经济和社会生活方面发生了许多重要变化,即出现了学界所称的欧洲化现象,中东欧国家政党也不可避免地受到了欧洲化进程的影响。作为一种超越国家层面的政治社会化过程,欧洲化促使中东欧国家的政党做出调整和改变,以适应新的定位和功能。同时,在欧洲化深入的过程中,中东欧国家的政党政治也面临着巨大的困难和挑战。     

Zur Europäisierung der Handlungs- und Einstellungshorizonte: Ein makrosoziologischer Vergleich der EU-Mitgliedstaaten

Building on the transactionalist paradigm in the tradition of Karl W. Deutsch as well as on Arndt Sorge’s theory of tiered social spaces, this study examines why everyday actions and attitudes are more centered on Europe (i.?e. “Europeanized”) in some EU member states than in others. Analyzing a variety of survey data on the EU-27 countries with partial correlation models, it is shown that the macro-level determinants of Europeanization differ between actions and attitudes. While actions are more Europe-centered in small and affluent countries, attitudes are more Europe-centered in post-communist states as well as in countries that are located in the geographical center of the EU and that do not have a protestant religious tradition. Contrary to transactionalist theory, the Europeanization of actions does not coincide with the Europeanization of attitudes: “doing Europe” and “feeling Europe” do not go hand in hand.     

Europe à la Carte? Swiss Convergence towards European Policy Models in Higher Education and Vocational Education and Training

In the last decade, European education has experienced far‐reaching transformation through the international initiatives of the Bologna process in higher education (HE) and the Copenhagen process in vocational education and training (VET) for enhancing European cooperation. This study investigates the mostly underresearched effects of these initiatives on Switzerland to discern whether Swiss HE and VET policies have converged towards European models, and which mechanisms were influential. It combines research on Europeanization and convergence and uses process‐tracing based on expert interviews and document analysis. Results reveal that Swiss HE policy strongly converged towards the Bologna model, while the development of a partial convergence of VET policy towards the model of the Copenhagen process can be observed. The study demonstrates the impact of domestic politics on shaping Europeanization effects and reconstructs the processes through which the initiatives took effect through transnational communication.     

The Europeanization of financial regulation and supervision on the Baltic–Nordic axis: the perspective of national bureaucracies

ABSTRACT

This article presents a comparative case study about the impact of Europeanization on two types of small North European states after 2008. For our case study countries, this is mainly a process of Europeanization. Our analysis focuses on interpreting the Europeanization process from the perspective of bureaucracies: we attempt to understand financial bureaucracies’ perceptions of, attitudes toward, and reactions to the post-2008 developments in financial regulation and supervision in Sweden, Norway, Estonia, and Latvia. This enables us to reflect on the implementation performance and embeddedness of post-2008 regulatory and supervisory principles in these countries.     

《里斯本条约》与欧盟成员国国际投资保护协定的欧洲化

欧盟成员国各自签订了大量的国际投资保护协定,这些协定与欧盟法之间存在冲突,欧盟一直致力于解决该冲突,使这些协定和欧盟法逐渐统一。《里斯本条约》的通过和生效将极大地促进欧盟成员国国际投资保护协定的欧洲化。为此,欧盟一边努力将其成员国现有双边投资保护协定是否继续有效、成员国是否有权和第三国谈判签订新的双边投资保护协定的问题都纳入自己的控制范围,一边积极行使自己的新权能与第三国进行双边投资条约的谈判。     

Incidents on Mount Scopus: UNTSO effectiveness and the 1958 death of Lieutenant Colonel George Flint

The Europeanization reforms in Turkey are partly designed to bring about the demilitarization of Turkish politics. However, up to now reforms have not been free from the military's impact. The democracy game is still played in a field whose borders have been delimited by the Turkish armed forces (TAF) and its interpretation of Kemalism. Even when the boundaries of these borders were extended, it was more due to the TAF's self-restraint, motivated by the prospect of membership in the EU, rather than the restrictive impact of institutional reforms. Under these circumstances, the future of Europeanization and thus the demilitarization of Turkish politics is likely to be shaped by whether reforms will reach the issues and prerogatives that the military has carefully guarded and whether the EU will offer the state a credible prospect for membership.     

Transformationstheorie auf neuen Pfaden?

The article explores the theoretical debates on postcommunist transformations since 1998 with a focus on substantial reorientations and innovations. After identifying important novel or discursively strengthened approaches, three of them are presented and critically discussed in more detail: the post-communism approach, the steering or governance approach, and the Europeanization approach. The examination leads to the result that, indeed, a ??second generation?? has emerged. It has largely overcome universalistic assumptions and gained explanatory power by more complex theoretical architectures as well as systematic time-space-embeddings or contextualizations. The new generation also demonstrates an intensive exchange with the field of general theories of social change. A final consideration makes the case for interdisciplinary and general theories of societal transformations as a necessary step in the advancement of the theoretical debate.