国家间信任的生成:进程导向的社会网络分析

信任是影响社会行为体互动的重要变量,但现有国际关系领域的信任研究大多注重经验分析,一般的理论探讨也常常忽视国家间信任的生成问题。本文就现有研究的主要路径进行了梳理和评介,并尝试从社会关系网络的角度建构一个国家间信任生成的研究框架。这一框架沿袭了进程建构主义的基本思路,主要观点为:嵌入在国际社会网络中的信任来源于国家间关系,以关系为本位的网络形塑了信任,信任反过来强化或削弱关系网络;在信任建构的进程中,信任规范得以产生、扩散和内化,进而影响国家的属性和行为;但由于关系网络本身是动态性的,特别是相互关系中存在不对称依赖,这使得信任具有社会资本的分配资源功能。     

美国市民社会与政治民主的关系初探

本文首先介绍了有关市民社会与政治民主关系的一般理论,特别是市民社会与国家权力型态的关系的理论.接着,集中分析了美国市民社会与其政治民主的两个方面的关系一是市民社会与美国政治文化的关系,主要揭示了美国市民社会的道德体系对其政治文化的核心价值所起的支撑作用;二是市民社会与美国政治参与的关系,尤其是社区层面的参与.最后,探讨了美国市民社会的变化及其政治影响.     

卡莱基“泛欧”联合思想的政治价值观

国内研究一般认为,卡莱基"泛欧"联合思想的政治价值观属于欧美资产阶级民主主义的范畴。本文认为,第一次世界大战结束前,奥匈帝国贵族的家庭环境和社会环境不仅孕育了卡莱基的"泛欧"联合思想,还培养、共生出保守贵族的政治价值观念。卡莱基认为民主是一种现代的、物质化的、大众的政体形式,贬斥民主是"数量原则",是大部分庸人在统治社会。他向往的是未来的、精神化的、精英专制政体,渴望的是少而精的"质量原则"。两次世界大战期间,卡莱基在与欧洲民主势力保持合作关系的同时,坚持保守贵族的政治价值观,认为欧洲统一的前景是"新贵族"的专制,而非西方意义上的自由民主制,这明显地暴露出"泛欧"联合思想的历史局限性。     

越日经贸关系的回顾与展望

越南在1976年南北统一之后同日本建立了相当密切的经济关系。虽然由于越南在1978年12月入侵柬埔寨,国际社会对越南进行制裁,日本政府不得不中断与越南的经济关系,但是日本的一些企业仍然继续与越南保持实质上的经贸来往。特别是近数年来,双方经贸发展相当迅速。至目前为止,日本是越南在非社会主义国家中的第一号贸易伙伴。     

去殖民化与区域国别研究的模式转型——以西方越南研究为主线

随着全球化的深入,西方学术界开始进一步反思学术研究方法与理论的去殖民化与去西方中心化.作为西方殖民扩张的产物,越南研究的发展历程与实践为西方研究的学科去殖民化提供了宝贵的经验与思路.本文将批判性地回顾西方越南研究的学术史,分析在东方学、区域研究框架下,国际权力格局、意识形态等因素对越南研究的影响、视角偏差和伦理困境.本文认为,学科去殖民化的进程推动了西方越南研究模式的变革,从国家直接干预的区域研究转向为多元的跨学科交流平台,丰富了西方越南研究的议题、研究过程与研究成果质量.虽然意识形态对立和西方中心的社会理论持续影响西方越南研究,随着学科去殖民化与跨国学术交流的进一步深入,西方越南研究呈现出新的反思与发展趋势.结合西方社会人文学科去殖民化的思潮,西方越南研究个案体现出区域国别研究作为一个学科的优越性与潜力.立足本土视角,区域国别研究可为跨学科、跨区域与跨平台的交流提供空间,挑战西方认识论霸权.     

试述越南社会民俗的特点及其成因

本文认为越南社会民俗文化具有三个方面的特点:一是明显受到中国民俗的影响;二是浓厚的越南民族特色的特征;三是多元文化的民间习俗。越南本土文化的发展及其对外来文化的兼容、改造与异化是造成其民俗社会特点的主要原因。     

印尼式民主政治的文化解读

印尼是否是真正的民主国家,至今仍众说纷纭。尤其是2009—2010年期间,正当苏西洛政府意欲大展第二任期宏图之际,国内发生的一系列重大政治事件及其进展引起舆论高度关注,各种不满声音纷纷指向苏西洛政府,认为事态处理方式非民主。笔者希望借助对爪哇文化的粗浅了解,对印尼政府对上述事件的处理方式进行解读,笔者以为印尼的民主政治深受爪哇传统价值观和思维方式影响。     

韩国政党政治的发展与演变

引言现代政党是市民社会发展的产物,是代议制民主的主要载体,发挥着提名政治候选人、选举动员和社会集团利益代表等重要功能。现代政党理论主要源于对西方国家特别是西欧19世纪以来的政党发展史的抽象与提炼。一般而言,根据其社会基础的不同,既有政党可以归纳为三种主要模式:“     

冷战后越南对华政策的调整

本文认为从冷战结束后,越南开始实行睦邻友好、全面合作的对华政策,这是由越南的国家利益、地缘政治关系、国家环境以及中国的态度等多种因素决定的.关于未来越南对华关系的发展趋势,本文认为越南将会以面向未来、长期稳定为基本目标,但两国间仍然存在的一些矛盾也不容忽视.     

当代韩国政党政治民主化的变迁特征——以卡特尔政党理论为分析视角

1995年,欧洲学者凯茨和麦尔首先提出卡特尔政党的概念,同时总结了卡特尔政党在国家与社会中的地位转变所衍生出的特质。本文从政党与国家之间的联络、政党竞争环境和政党与市民社会之间的关系等几方面探讨韩国政党政治的一般情况。作者认为,卡特尔政党虽倡导民主与自由竞争,但实则关注操控权力的运用,此种情况无助于韩国政党的民主化进程。因此相关的制度设计是防止卡特尔政党对民主政治产生负面影响的必要措施。     

Dialectics of industrialization in Indonesia

This essay investigates how the degeneration of state socialist regimes and the transition to market-Leninist political economies in China and Vietnam have shaped institutional arrangements governing welfare and its stratification effects. Engaging recent theoretical literature one welfare regimes, the article explores how the evolution of specific combinations of political and economic institutions in China and Vietnam has affected the production and reproduction of welfare and stratification. The common assumption that welfare regimes reflect the structured interests of dominant political and economic actors and thus serve to reproduce that regime is found to invite an excessively static perspective. Instead this essay argues that welfare regimes and stratification in contemporary China and Vietnam require an appreciation of their properties under state-socialism and how specific paths of extrication affected their degeneration and subsequent development under a new form of political economy. The essay also probes the significance of observed differences in China and Vietnam’s political structure in light of suggestions that Vietnam’s more pluralistic political system has made its welfare regime more redistributive than China’s. An alternative perspective suggests China’s wealth obviates the significance of such differences.     

Seeking the Soul of Democracy: A Review of Recent Research into Citizens' Political Talk Culture

This article provides a review of extant empirical research on ordinary citizens' everyday political communication, its phenomenology, determinants, consequences, and relevance for democratic politics. It highlights the recent upsurge in interest in the study of political conversations against the background of both classic and more recent developments in democratic theory and empirical research that served as intellectual inspirations. The article discusses conceptual and methodological issues of research into interpersonal political communication and presents key findings with regard to the background and consequences of political talk, tapping into fundamental aspects of democratic citizenship such as political preferences, participation, cognitive involvement with politics as well as orientations towards fellow citizens and towards the democratic political system. It concludes with an assessment of the state of the art in this field of study, highlighting desirable avenues for future empirical research.     

The International Humanitarian Regime and its Discontents: India’s Challenge

Abstract

In recent years, concerns over whether the humanitarian regime as we know it will survive a many-pronged challenge have spurred humanitarian organisations to embark on processes of soul-searching and innovation. With a steadily increasing aid budget and its more active and vocal role in development and humanitarian politics—and in global politics more generally—India has acquired the label of ‘emerging’ humanitarian actor. This article, however, shows that in many ways India has been a humanitarian pioneer, and connects the norms and values of the international humanitarian regime with India’s own philosophical, religious and democratic traditions. It also discusses how Indian policy-makers have critiqued the current United Nations-led international humanitarian regime and investigates how the government of an increasingly powerful and influential Commonwealth country from the South interacts with an international regime created in Europe. For many Indian policy-makers, current humanitarian practices are tainted by what they see as North American and European interventionist and highly political agendas in the South. The article concludes that while there is still a lot to be said for a global, multilateral humanitarian regime led by the United Nations, it need not be Western-biased, either in theory or in practice.     

Political liberalization in the People's Republic of China: Its linkage to the Mainland-Taiwan reunification

This article examines the impact of China's liberal political reforms on its reunification with Taiwan from the perspective of linkage theory. Through the liberalization of domestic politics, the post-Mao leadership has effected a fundamental change of regime type, transforming the Maoist totalitarian state to an established single-party regime. Because of this change, the Chinese Communists have increasingly considered China more as a developing country than a Marxist regime that needs a favorable regional and international environment for implementing its modernization programs. This has led to the emergence of a secular and stable China. The liberal tendencies in internal politics have produced four domestic-international linkages favoring China in the settlement of the Taiwan issues. Despite the presence of some negative linkages against China, it seems that the post-Deng leadership can take charge of the reunification issues as long as they can continue to make progress in institutionalizing its political system and in liberalizing its monolithic institutions.     

Elections and democratic transition in Pakistan: one step forward and two steps backwards

Expectations in Pakistan rose, when for the first time, in its history a political government in 2013 completed its full term of office and was replaced not by the military but by another political government after being defeated at the ballot box. It raises questions about what kind of democratic space is developing and what type of hybrid regime is emergent. The paper reflects upon the concept of hybrid regime and draws out key variables: turnover, tutelage and neo-patrimonialism and then considers how to categorise development in Pakistan. It concludes that Pakistan is in a ‘gray zone’ and that during the period there was evidence of it moving towards becoming an illiberal hybrid regime but the military went on the offensive and the democratic space contracted returning to being an illiberal tutelary hybrid regime. Unless tutelage and neo-patrimonialism are not challenged Pakistan will not progress in the democratic transition and remain a hybrid regime.     

When are similar regimes more likely to form alliances? Institutions and ideologies in the post-communist world

Following the collapse of the old communist regimes, 28 post-communist countries chose from among three main foreign security arrangements: commonwealth of independent states (CIS)/collective security treaty organization (CSTO) membership, north atlantic treaty organization (NATO) membership, or neutrality. What explains these choices? We are most interested theoretically in the role played by regime type. The alliances literature typically uses a narrow institutional theory of the effects of regime type, which implies that more democratic regimes are more attractive alliance partners than more authoritarian regimes. Post-communist area specialists will be aware that this institutional theory fails to explain the apparent tendency of more authoritarian post-communist regimes to join the CIS/CSTO. We develop a broader ideological theory of how regime type affects alliances, in which political institutions are complemented by substantive ideological and policy goals. Applying the ideological approach to the post-communist world, we define and measure two main ideological regime types – liberal nationalist regimes and neo-communist authoritarian regimes. Multinomial logit regressions indicate that more democratic, liberal nationalist regimes are more likely to affiliate with NATO, whereas more authoritarian, neo-communist regimes are more likely to join the CIS/CSTO. Moreover, the desire of neo-communist authoritarianism regimes to affiliate with the CIS/CSTO is as strong or stronger than that of neo-liberal democracies to affiliate with NATO – largely because NATO is more reluctant than Russia to accept aspirants. We conclude that the ideological approach to regime type may offer significant explanatory value as a refinement of the institutional approach.     

Jeremy Bentham,John Stuart Mill and the Secret Ballot: Insights from Nineteenth Century Democratic Theory

As part of a series of demands for political reform in Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, Jeremy Bentham famously made a case for use of the secret ballot in elections. The advocacy of Bentham and his disciples on this issue fed into broader and at times robust public debate, particularly in the 1830s. On the opposite side of this debate was another leading political theorist, John Stuart Mill, who opposed secret ballot reform. This paper re‐examines the contours of this debate, making the case that it has important implications for contemporary political theory and debates about democracy. Firstly, and in terms of making sense of the debate itself, it points to the need to make a distinction between the “voter intimidation” argument and the Benthamite preference aggregation argument. Secondly, it suggests that distinguishing between vote‐buying and voter's dependence provides support for defenders of the secret ballot. Thirdly, it demonstrates the potential application of the idea of voting held in “trust” to the so‐called boundary problem in democratic theory. Finally, it points to the potentially wide but overlooked application of the Chartist idea of open voting (allowing the oppressed to identify their allies) in contemporary political theory.     

Intra-Elite Factionalism and the 2004 Majles Elections in Iran

Over the last two decades, the political ideology of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has evolved to proactively advocate a democratic form of government. This evolution has taken place both through protracted internal discussion and through experiments in participatory politics, leading the Brotherhood to further develop Islamic justification for a democratic regime. Despite generational differences within the Brotherhood over the extent of democratic activism, the Brotherhood's emerging political platform asserts the need both for a democratic regime and a ‘civil state’ which guarantees political and civil liberties within the boundaries specified by Islam. Three guiding principles are central to the Brotherhood's current political vision, including legislative compliance with Islamic law, a wide range of civil and political liberties with an emphasis on equal treatment, and a robust electoral process that institutionalizes guarantees of democratic accountability for elected officials. These principles allow the Muslim Brotherhood to effectively challenge the current Egyptian regime on democratic grounds, but are also in tension with one another, highlighting the boundaries of legislative independence under a political system constrained by Islamic law.     

Malaysia's Foreign Policy: The First Fifty Years: Alignment,Neutralism, Islamism

Abstract

What is the role of new media in driving political change in China? How do we understand the interaction of rapid increases in connectivity, regime censorship and democratic outcomes? This article seeks to assess the democratic implications of new media in China through the lens of three key and nested criteria derived from general theories of deliberative democracy: information access, rational-critical deliberation and mechanisms of vertical accountability. The key finding is that connectivity expands political opportunity. How this opportunity is exploited is up to users, who often vary widely in their political preferences, values, and norms of behaviour. The results are multiple mechanisms of change taking place simultaneously and the development of a more interactive and pluralistic public sphere. While China obviously still has to develop far more formalised and institutionalised mechanisms for managing state-society relations, political pluralism in the form of online deliberation might be considered a foundational condition for a more interactive and liberalised political order rooted in greater public deliberation and societal feedback. Moderate forms of discourse and societal feedback are tenuous and increasingly exist in a chaotic and diversified online discourse defined equally as much by new methods of authoritarian propaganda and virulent nationalist ideas.     

Indonesian local party politics

Since the fall of Soeharto in 1998, economic reforms have been linked to internationally supported programs to introduce market-facilitating “good governance” practices, which include the promotion of democratic elections and administrative and fiscal decentralization. International development organizations have thus put forward decentralization as necessary, essentially, to save Indonesia from becoming an irredeemably “failed state” — an issue that has now grown in importance because of the current nature of Western security concerns in Southeast Asia. But this article suggests that the way decentralization has actually taken place can only be understood in relation to the entrenchment of a democratic political regime run by the logic of money politics and violence, and primarily dominated by reconstituted old New Order elites. Taking local party politics in North Sumatra and East Java as case studies, the article shows that local constellations of power, with an interest in the perpetuation of predatory politics, still offer significant sites of resistance to the global neoliberal economic and political agenda.