Regional energy cooperation in North East Asia: Lessons from the European Experience

The three major oil importing countries of Northeast Asia—China, Japan and South Korea—are concerned about future security of energy supplies to fuel their dynamic economic activity. Currently all three countries are highly dependent on imports of oil from the Middle East, a region with inherent political instability. Russia’s rich reserves of oil and gas in Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East offer an obvious alternative. Given the geographical proximity of Russia and its desire to increase its energy exports to Northeast Asia, there is huge potential for cooperation. So far there has been no real intra-regional cooperation and no common external policy towards Russia. Despite obvious differences between Europe and North East Asia, the European model of energy cooperation, developed over the past 50 years, offers some useful lessons.

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Environmental cooperation of Northeast Asia: transboundary air pollution

The puzzle of why Northeast Asian countries do not have anyenvironmental cooperation comparable to Europe's successfulregulatory regime even though both regions have borne similarconditions of the atmospheric problem has been explored. Inorder to answer this question, the author shed light on someof the conditions in Northeast Asia that would be necessaryfor regional cooperation to take place, by examining the factorsthat shape the environmental foreign policy of sovereign states.The success of Europe's regional cooperation in dealing withacid rain has been investigated, through the lens of interest-basedand epistemic community approaches. The interest-based approachprovides two factors – ecological vulnerability and economiccost – to show why some countries have taken more activepositions than others. In addition, the author argues that onemore factor is necessary, the existence of an epistemic community,out of the knowledge-based community perspective, because evenself-interested states have difficulties in defining their interestsdue to high uncertainty and complexity about developing goalsand preferences. After applying the two perspectives to thecooperation of Northeast Asian countries, it is found that lackof domestic and regional consensus on ecological vulnerabilityto transboundary acid deposition and the high economic costsof reducing emission have contributed to slow development ofthe cooperation of Northeast Asia. In addition, the lack ofsolid expert communities in Japan, as a leading country, couldhinder Northeast Asian countries from speeding up the transitiontoward regulatory regime formation from the current informationsharing cooperation. Received for publication August 12, 2005. Accepted for publication December 22, 2006.     

中国东北地区与东北亚的经济交流

在东北三省中 ,辽宁省地理位置优越 ,贸易量也最大 ,目前正在寻求市场的多样化发展。吉林省最大的贸易伙伴是韩国 ,有大量的劳务输出人员 ,突出的问题是边境流动人员复杂。黑龙江省主要从事对俄贸易 ,在外派劳务上存在着诸多问题。东北亚地区间的贸易正从封闭走向开放 ,但仍存在障碍     

中俄在东北亚地区战略协作方向探析

中俄均重视东北亚国家外交,今后两国将在四个方向上加强战略协作.它们是:我国东北振兴与俄远东开发的互动;东北亚地区能源及环保合作;推进东北亚区域经济一体化;维护东北亚地区的和平与安全.     

东北老工业基地在东北亚经济合作中的区位优势重构

目前,中国东北与东北亚周边国家之间的经济合作还主要以低层次初级产品与劳务输出为主,没有充分发挥出东北所拥有的区位优势和产业优势。东北老工业基地振兴需要加强东北地区与东北亚周边国家的经济合作,这需要重构区位优势,调整东北地区参与东北亚地区国际分工的产业组合。为此,要加快产业转型,打造世界重要的装备制造业基地;重点发展新能源、新材料等新兴替代产业;做强做大农产品加工、生物制药等产业。     

加强东北亚区域能源合作 保障我国能源安全

当前我国能源特别是石油进口持续增加 ,能源安全面临着严峻的挑战 ,存在来源风险、运输风险和市场风险 ,需要通过区域能源合作来保障我国能源安全。东北亚区域除我国外 ,既包括油气资源丰富的俄罗斯 ,又有缺乏油气资源但资金雄厚的日本和韩国 ,发挥各国优势加强东北亚区域能源合作 ,是防范我国和区域内其他国家能源风险、避免对能源资源恶性竞争的有效途径。在参与东北亚地区的能源合作中 ,我国应建立一种整体的、相互协调的战略思路 ,寻找各方的利益共同点以促进区域内能源合作 ,同时还必须增加与区域外的联系 ,实现能源进口渠道的多元化。     

面向东北亚:天津滨海新区的现状与未来

天津滨海新区是在党中央国务院的亲切关怀下形成和发展起来的,经过十多年的开发建设,滨海新区取得了显著的成绩,并形成了五大发展优势,成为中国最具活力的投资热点地区之一。2006年5月26日,国务院颁发了关于推进天津滨海新区开发开放有关问题的意见,提出天津滨海新区的功能定位应当是“依托京津冀、服务环渤海、辐射三北”、“面向东北亚”,从而在政策导向上将东北亚区域合作纳入到滨海新区的发展视野和服务空间。从中央政府对滨海新区所提六条任务的要求看,其落实,大部分都将涉及东北亚区域合作,因此,天津滨海新区今后的发展,不但应当主动面向东北亚,服务东北亚,而且应当有意识地融入到东北亚区域合作与发展的大格局中去。     

Russia's energy diplomacy toward Europe and Northeast Asia: a comparative study

This paper aims first to illuminate the key aspects of Russia's energy diplomacy toward the EU and how the EU copes with it and then to apply the pattern found in Europe to Northeast Asia and compare the differences. In Europe, Russia has been quite effective in consolidating its dominant position as energy suppliers, and has been equally successful in nullifying the EU's collective attempts to produce a united front by forming individual energy relationships with various EU member states. A strategy of ‘divide-and-rule’ has been at the center of Moscow's energy diplomacy toward Europe. In Northeast Asia, by contrast, the progress of energy cooperation between Russia and Northeast Asian countries has been slower than both sides initially hoped. Overall, it could be attributed to Russia's failure to gain the trust of Northeast Asian countries in the course of its energy diplomacy under the Putin administration.     

国际名家聚焦东北亚

目前,全球经济虽企稳向好,但博弈竞争日益激烈。在全球化进程放缓,全球系统性风险不断增加的大变局下,东北亚区域发展合作面临新的机遇与挑战。《东北亚论坛》继续搭建东北亚高端学术交流和沟通协调的平台,期待与各国学者通过交流对话加深了解、凝聚共识,在不确定性中寻求确定性,在世界变局中把握发展大势,为东北亚和平发展大计提供智库支持。为此,《东北亚论坛》在2018年第1期特别组织三位外国优秀的智库学者撰文,就一带一路框架下东北亚区域合作中面临的大国协调与东北亚地区安全架构、东盟共同体对东北亚区域一体化建设的启示等一系列具体问题进行了深入探讨,以飨读者。     

东北亚地区均势安全格局探析

冷战后,东北亚地区大国关系发生新的分化组合,中日俄三强关系的重构同处于美国霸权辐射的历史时空中,使东北亚地区的国际关系极易受到超级大国的影响。东北亚地缘政治结构一超三强的特点为超级大国扮演“离岸平衡手”角色提供了战略回旋空间。美国为在东北亚地区建立和维护霸权,进行了联日制华、牵制俄国和打压朝鲜的战略布局。美日强强联合催生了中俄战略协作伙伴关系,东北亚地区大国关系的调整与改善因而陷入结构性困境,建构均势安全是21世纪前期实现东北亚地区和平与稳定的现实选择。     

东北亚科技共同体构想框架——新世纪东北亚加强区域合作的最佳切入点

建立科技共同体对于21世纪初的东北亚区域合作具有极为重要的现实意义。随着东北亚各国经济的发展潜力日益转移到依靠新科技进步上来,全球网络通讯发展以及跨国公司经营活动的全球化,为东北亚区域共同体的建立提供了可能性,未来构建完善、开放的创新体系是东北亚科技共同体发展的定位与目标。启动东北亚科技共同体并使其高效运转,还要多方面的协调和努力。     

Going nuclear in Northeast Asia: a global view

Northeast Asia (NEA) is on the international security agenda for a lot of reasons. The historical legacy, territorial disputes, the region’s growing importance as an economic actor and a trading partner accompanied by increasing defence expenditures and acquisition of high tech weaponry and the political isolation of a “rogue” North Korea have all contributed to fear that NEA could open a Pandora’s box of a nuclear arms race. In this paper, I analyse recent strategic trends in Asia and try to evaluate the main motivations and objectives of a country like North Korea behind Weapons of Mass Destruction proliferation and the impact of this “nuclear diplomacy” on the evolution of defence policy of major military power like Japan.

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东北亚核不扩散面临的挑战

东北亚地区核武器扩散形势严峻。朝核危机加剧,核大国核军备竞赛势头难以遏止,对东北亚的安全与稳定构成严重挑战。美国强化核威慑战略、谋求绝对战略力量优势是地区核扩散形势加剧的主因。中国一贯反对核军备竞赛和核扩散行为,是维护东北亚地区和平与安全的坚定力量。     

东北亚区域环境合作与东北振兴

中国东北地区与东北亚各国毗邻,经济各有优势、自然资源差异明显、互补性强。如何利用东北亚区域经济合作的优势,加强东北亚区域环境合作,加快东北经济结构调整,拓展东北经济发展空间,实现可持续发展,具有重要意义。     

Towards ethically sound participatory research with marginalised populations: experiences from India

Participatory research is increasingly being used with poor and marginalised populations in developing countries. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to ethical considerations in participatory research. We argue that there is a need for additional strategies to promote ethically sound participatory research, especially when working with marginalised groups. We present our experiences from a participatory research initiative with an indigenous population in rural India, in which we developed and implemented a Code of Research Ethics and sought community consent as well as individual consent. The challenges that we faced and how we attempted to overcome them are also discussed.

Dans le sens de recherches participatives robustes sur le plan éthique avec des populations marginales : expériences d'Inde

Les recherches participatives sont de plus en plus utilisées avec des populations pauvres et marginalisées dans les pays en développement. Cependant, une attention relativement faible a été accordée aux considérations éthiques dans les recherches participatives. Nous soutenons qu'il est nécessaire d'adopter des stratégies supplémentaires pour promouvoir des recherches participatives robustes sur le plan éthique, en particulier au moment de travailler avec des groupes marginalisés. Nous présentons nos expériences d'une initiative de recherche participative avec une population autochtone dans une zone rurale de l'Inde, dans le cadre de laquelle nous avons élaboré et mis au point un Code d'éthique en matière de recherche et tenté d'obtenir le consentement de la communauté ainsi que celui des individus. Les défis auxquels nous nous sommes heurtés et la manière dont nous avons tenté de les relever font aussi l'objet d'une discussion.

Em direção a uma pesquisa participativa eticamente s?lida com populaçóes marginalizadas: experiéncias da Índia

A pesquisa participativa está cada vez mais sendo utilizada com populaçóes pobres e marginalizadas em países em desenvolvimento. Porém, tem havido relativamente pouca atenção a consideraçóes éticas na pesquisa participativa. Argumentamos que há uma necessidade de estratégias adicionais para promover pesquisa participativa eticamente s?lida, especialmente quando se está trabalhando com grupos marginalizados. Apresentamos nossas experiéncias a partir de uma iniciativa de pesquisa participativa com uma população nativa na zona rural da ëndia, na qual desenvolvemos e implementamos um C?digo de èica de Pesquisa e buscamos o consentimento da comunidade e também o consentimento individual. Os desafios que enfrentamos e o modo como tentamos superá-los também são discutidos.

Hacia una investigación participativa ética con poblaciones marginadas: experiencias de India

La investigación participativa se aplica cada vez más con poblaciones pobres y marginadas de los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atención a los aspectos éticos de este tipo de investigación. Los autores sostienen que sería conveniente contar con nuevas estrategias para promover la investigación participativa con sólidas bases éticas, en especial a la hora de trabajar con grupos marginados. Los autores presentan los resultados de una investigación participativa con una población indígena del sector rural de India, donde elaboraron e implementaron un Código de Ética para la Investigación que incluía el consentimiento tanto comunitario como individual. El ensayo también expone cómo los autores afrontaron los retos que surgieron.     

东北亚区域经济合作的现状及前景

近几年,东北亚区域经济合作不断发展,次区域经济合作发展迅速,"图们江经济开发区"、"环黄渤海经济区"的建设加速推进,区域内各国间双边经贸合作也大幅提升。但是,由于政治制度和经济发展水平差异大,再加上美国因素牵制,东北亚区域经济合作的深度仍然有限。从长远看,随着东北亚地区在世界经济中的地位不断提升,次区域经济合作日趋多元化,东北亚区域经济合作将再上新台阶。     

东北亚安全机制:现实与前景

东北亚是攸关中国核心安全利益的最重要地区之一 ,也是世界上尚未摆脱“冷战”束缚的唯一地区。“朝核危机”爆发后 ,着眼于危机处理的“四方会谈”、“六方会谈”相继登台亮相 ,高频度的穿梭外交令人充满了和平解决危机的憧憬 ,而第二轮“六方会谈”做出的设立常设工作组和尽快举行第三轮“六方会谈”的决定 ,更让人有理由生发出东北亚安全秩序出现曙光的预期。那么 ,这种秩序产生的条件是否具备 ?何种机制或何种秩序最有利于维持该地区的持久安全 ?相关国家在如何思考这一问题 ?“六方会谈”能否发展成为东北亚地区的安全合作机制 ?其面临的问题与前景如何 ?带着这些问题 ,本期我们邀请中国现代国际关系研究院的几位专家举行对谈 ,希望能对您有所启迪并引发您更进一步的深入思考。     

Peace and community building in Northeast Asia

This topic involves some difficulties, one of which is about the concept of “Northeast Asia”. Broadly speaking, Northeast Asia should include China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Russia’s Far East, and Mongolia. It is obviously not possible to address complex issues in such a broad region within several pages. Therefore, this paper shall focus on the main part of Northeast Asia, i.e., China, Japan, and Korea.

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