强化监管 破解“三难”——解读修改后的《职业病防治法》

目前我国职业病处于难监管、难鉴定、难维权,直接原因是企业对于职业病防治无投入、无制度、无保障。＂三难＂现象反映了法规、制度和政策不配套、不完善、缺陷多,也折射出政府责任不到位。＂三无＂则反映了企业对职业病防治普遍不重视。2011年的最后一天,十一届全国人大常委会表决通过了关于修改职业病防治法的决定。     

解读新《刑事诉讼法》 推进司法鉴定制度建设

新《刑事诉讼法》对司法鉴定制度做了如下修改：纠正了＂鉴定结论＂不准确的提法,还原了司法鉴定之本质;删除了＂人身伤害的重新鉴定或者精神病医学鉴定由省级人民政府指定医院进行＂的规定,理顺了司法鉴定体制;明确了鉴定人应当出庭作证的范围,确立了鉴定意见的传闻排除规则;增强了鉴定人参与诉讼的权利保护;增设了专家辅助人制度,使鉴定意见的质证程序有望实质化。这些修改是司法鉴定程序立法的重大进步,然而鉴定人权利保障体系尚有待健全。     

对一起职业病鉴定否定原诊断结论案例的分析

通过对一起经职业病鉴定后否定原诊断结论案例的分析,探讨如何正确运用和进一步完善职业病诊断与鉴定方面的法律、法规和标准,保护劳动者生命健康权益。     

职业病诊断立法中的若干理论问题初探

职业病诊断程序立法完善问题已引起理论和实践的广泛关注，本文选择现有研究尚未深入研究的有关职业病诊断立法中涉及到理论问题予以初步探讨，包括职业病诊断的法律性质、诊断过程中相关主体的权利义务以及职业病诊断与鉴定之间关系的界定等。     

网络时代的影响性诉讼及其法治影响力（下）——基于2005--2009年度影响性诉讼的实证分析

“影响性诉讼”（impactlitigation）这个词是一个“舶来品”。在20世纪五六十年代的美国，当经济发展、社会变迁催动既有权利边界变更之时，它原本是法官造法背景下通过法院实现社会变革的一种司法化的政治活动方式。在某种程度上，“非法证据排除规则”和“沉默权”等制度就是沃伦法院在影响性诉讼的基础上扩张权利、保障人权的制度遗产。     

辩护律师诉讼权利保障的法治困境简

辩护律师的诉讼权利是辩护制度的重要内容,也是辩护律师顺利开展辩护活动的基础和保障。辩护律师的诉讼权利的完善与否,实际享有与否直接关系到被追诉人人权能够得到实现。我国辩护制度经历了从无到有,从缺漏到逐渐完善的过程。2012年《刑事诉讼法》对辩护律师的诉讼权利进行了＂三完善,三增加＂,即完善了会见权、阅卷权和调查取证权,增加了保密权、申诉控告权和进行辩护的权利。     

论“有专门知识的人”制度的完善——关于新《刑事诉讼法》第192条的思考

＂有专门知识的人＂有别于鉴定人,其诉讼职责是就鉴定人作出的鉴定意见提出意见。法律对＂有专门知识的人＂制度规定得过于原则和粗疏,缺乏具体程序,必然会给实施带来诸多困难。应当明确＂有专门知识的人＂的诉讼地位,建立健全＂有专门知识的人＂的选任、出庭质证等具体程序和制度。     

职业病精神损害赔偿法律问题研究

现行立法否认劳动者可以在遭受职业病后要求赔偿精神损失，这一立法存在诸多不足，难以充分保障劳动者的权利。在职业病损害赔偿中引进精神损害赔偿具有合理性。我国应该确认劳动者在职业病损害赔偿中的精神损害赔偿权利，加强对劳动者权益的保护。     

民诉法修改背景下对知识产权诉讼鉴定制度的三个反思

现有文章对知识产权诉讼过程中的鉴定制度的思考一味迎合《民事诉讼法》发展趋势,没有足够重视知识产权诉讼本身的特殊性,是进行反思的理论背景。当人们在思考知识产权诉讼过程中的鉴定制度时,宜保守而不宜激进。要将法官＂让渡＂出去的裁判权重新纳入掌控之中作为思考的出发点。     

试论《职业病防治法》中用人单位的民事赔偿责任

劳动者被确定患有某种职业病后，可以向所在用人单位主张何种权利，我国《职业病防治法》立法模式采用了准用性规则的方式，将其按照工伤来计算赔偿项目。本文先从职业病的概念人手确定我国职业病防治法中所确定的保护范围，在系统介绍了国外职业病赔偿的立法情况后，又对我国职业病赔偿作了详细说明。文章最后提出了立法中的一些不足，并提出了相应的建议。     

当前中国职业病防治问题的研究综述

通过对当前关于我国职业病防治问题研究的主题和方法进行综述,认为今后对职业病防治问题的研究,在研究主题方面,要立足于加强职业病防治体系建设的大背景,加大对职业病防治工作机制和职业病防治机构建设的关注与重视;在研究方法上要更加重视实证研究。     

A Case Example of Asphyxia Due to Occupational Exposure to Airborne Chemicals and Review of Workplace Fatalities

Although worker injury and fatalities have decreased since adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970, it remains an important safety issue. This article describes a 27‐year‐old white male who died from occupational exposure to airborne chemicals. Several trends in the last several decades, both in the types of injuries and the occupations associated with fatalities, are noted. Additionally, individual risk factors such as age, gender, chronic disease, smoking, and alcohol and drug use are implicated in worker health and safety. The role of the forensic pathologist in the investigation of workplace deaths is highlighted, in addition to the future of occupational safety and current improvements brought about by such incidents.     

Medicolegal death investigator workplace safety hazards: A scoping review of the literature

In the United States, medicolegal death investigation practices and policies pertaining to sudden unexpected deaths are mandated by state government. Practices vary across states, which contributes to inconsistency in job prerequisites and training. In preparation for a study focused on occupational safety and health of medicolegal death investigators in their on-scene and follow-up activities, a scoping review was conducted to document known occupational safety risks and health-related conditions associated with death investigation. Searches used Boolean and subject heading operators both broad and narrow in scope, and search terms included scene responder, hazard, investigator, forensic pathology, injury, and safety. Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria, which included seventeen survey-mixed method designs, two systematic reviews, five quasi-experimental designs, and one case study. Twelve articles addressed mental health and eleven focused on risks associated with infectious disease. One article addressed the risk of chemical exposure from cyanide among autopsy personnel (including forensic pathologists) and nine included a wide range of employees within the setting of medical examiner or coroner offices. One article, addressing burnout, included employees in a forensic science laboratory setting as well as medicolegal death investigators and two articles included forensic pathologists and medicolegal death investigators. Only one article addressed medicolegal death investigators specifically. Articles addressing occupational and environmental hazards of medicolegal death investigators associated with musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, radiological, nuclear, electrical, or explosive threats were not identified. There is little published about safety risks inherent in conducting death investigations. Research is needed to adequately inform health promotion and injury prevention strategies.     

对我国检察机关侦查职务犯罪机制的思考

我国检察机关职务犯罪侦查权应该是一种监督型司法权，职务犯罪侦查实践应该围绕职务犯罪侦查权权力属性这一定位展开。现阶段，我国检察机关职务犯罪侦查机制还存在诸多不足，应着眼于提升职务犯罪侦查效能和效果进行全面系统地完善。     

职业安全权的价值透视

近来由于安全生产事故频繁发生,学者关于如何保护劳动者的职业安全权进行热烈的讨论,且在法律和制度上都提出了一系列的措施。但职业安全权的价值如何定位,以及其理论根源等问题却甚少被论及。从人权的角度看,职业安全权是对人的生命权和健康权的强调,更是体现了一种人道主义的要求;从社会公正视角看,只有实现劳动者的职业安全权,才能在劳资之间建立一种公平的关系。从经济发展层面上看,只有解决了职业安全权的保护问题,才有经济的效率可言。     

Wellbeing,occupational justice and police practice: an ‘affirming environment’?

This paper examines wellbeing and occupational justice within the police profession. The research presented is based on a preliminary study utilising a qualitative methodology in which 14 in-depth interviews were conducted with rank and file police officers in one state of Australia. The data-set reveals that there are many positive aspects to being a police officer, contrary to the ‘dysfunction’ research that exists concerning the police in which corruption and poor performance prevails. The data analysis supports the notion that the practice of the police can be understood through a framework of wellbeing, occupational justice, and positive psychology. Whilst the research yields strong positive aspects in the work police officers engage in, as well as in their working environment, there are challenges within the profession, namely dealing with traumatic events that can hinder wellbeing and occupational justice. This study offers evidence to reflect on current policies and practices in terms of police recruitment, education and training. The study also offers evidence for improving staff retention by building on the principles of wellbeing and occupational justice within police practice.     

An Update on the Hazards and Risks of Forensic Anthropology,Part I: Human Remains

This work reviews the hazards and risks of practicing forensic anthropology in North America, with a focus on pathogens encountered through contact with unpreserved human remains. Since the publication of Galloway and Snodgrass' seminal paper concerning the hazards of forensic anthropology, research has provided new information about known pathogen hazards, and regulating authorities have updated recommendations for the recognition and treatment of several infections. Additionally, forensic anthropology has gained popularity, exposing an increased number of students and practitioners to these hazards. Current data suggest many occupational exposures to blood or body fluids go unreported, especially among students, highlighting the need for this discussion. For each pathogen and associated disease, this work addresses important history, reviews routes of exposure, provides an overview of symptoms and treatments, lists decontamination procedures, and presents data on postmortem viability. Personal protection and laboratory guidelines should be established and enforced in conjunction with the consideration of these data.     

未参保单位职工职业伤害法律问题研究

我国现行《工伤保险条例》将参加工伤保险和未参加工伤保险的工伤问题进行统一规定,但未明确规定未参加工伤保险的单位职工职业伤害的事实如何确定,责任怎样承担。未参保单位职工职业伤害符合工伤事故构成要件,应属于工伤,工伤事故作为法律事实,应当由劳动争议仲裁机构或人民法院认定。基于工伤的社会风险属性,未参保单位职工职业伤害应当实行法定的工伤待遇,而不能要求民事侵权赔偿。现行《工伤保险条例》应当在主体、劳动争议仲裁与裁后民事诉讼的关系、加大保护力度、实现制度创新等方面进一步完善。     

秦汉律中的职务犯罪——以“公罪”为考察对象

严格维护国家权力的有效性与畅通性，惩治国家权力行使者的各种违法、违制行为，无疑是中国古代法律的重要功能之一。公罪的产生，渊源于春秋战国以来集权观念的强化与官僚政治体系的严密。公罪的主要功用，即在于对官吏的职务犯罪加以性质区分，以适用不同的处罚。在秦汉律中，虽未见公罪之名，但公罪之实已具形态，其构成要件、罪过形态的区分、责任连带等都与后世律有一定的关联。犯罪公私的区分，使公罪作为类概念而适用于官吏非出于私利的失职、违制等犯罪行为，因此包容性甚广。其入于《名例》，正在于为官吏职务犯罪的繁杂性提供一个定性标准。     

Silicosis: Diagnosis and Medicolegal Implications

Despite well‐publicized sources of occupational hazard, silicosis continues to threaten industrial workers in the United States. We performed a retrospective search of the University of Wisconsin electronic pathology database to retrieve autopsy cases of silicosis and collaborated with the Wisconsin Department of Health Services to obtain statewide epidemiologic data regarding silicosis morbidity/mortality since 2003. Three silicosis autopsy cases were retrieved: all were men with ≥ 30 years of occupational crystalline silica exposure and similar histologic features of collagenous pulmonary nodules with admixed refractile particles. Overall, our state exceeds the national rate of silicosis‐related hospitalizations and mortality, that is, 10.1 hospitalizations per million WI residents versus 1.2 nationally and 1.2 deaths per million WI residents versus 0.4 nationally. Surveillance is crucial to identify emerging occupational hazards and protect workers. A diagnosis of silicosis must be carefully considered at autopsy since it carries substantial implications for worker's compensation, compensatory losses, and employer liability.