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1.
Said Pournaghash-Tehrani 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(2):93-99
The purpose of the present article was to determine the ability of cognitive factors (beliefs and attitudes) and adverse childhood
experiences to predict men’s reactions towards their spouses’ violence. To do so, 120 males who had referred to family court
to seek divorce due to spouses’ violence were randomly selected and an author’s -made questionnaire containing 27 subscales
was administered to them. Four of the 27 subscales comprised of 22 questions regarding “types of reactions towards spouses’
violence”, “attitudes towards spouse”, and “experiencing family violence during childhood”. Our results showed that witnessing
violence during childhood could positively predict reactions such as “cessation of relationship” and “reprisal”. Men’s beliefs
regarding “permission to use violence” could positively predict reaction such as “cessation of relationship”. Furthermore,
factors such as “Believing his wife is more knowledgeable” and “Wife’s Physical Appearance” negatively predicted reactions
such as “Cessation of relationship” and “Tolerance”. Also “Man’s perceived career success” positively predicted the reaction
of “Attempts to Resume Relationship”. These results are discussed in the context of the existing literature. 相似文献
2.
Cédric Schneider 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(5):565-579
This paper describes and analyzes the occurrence and extent of oppositions initiated against plant biotechnology patents granted
by the European Patent Office (EPO). The opposition mechanism is a legal procedure that allows any third party to challenge
the validity of patents awarded by the EPO. Results indicate that the opposition rate is far greater in plant biotechnology
than in other emerging industries. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the empirical findings suggest that opposed patents
are disproportionately those that score high on features that proxy for their “value” or “quality”. In contrast to previous
findings, however, the results show that large-volume applicants are more likely to be opposed. Because the boundaries of
plant biotech patents are ill-defined, large patent portfolios do not promote cooperative behavior such as licensing or settlements.
The analysis rejects the hypothesis that awardees are subject to “nuisance” or “frivolous” oppositions. Instead, the opposition
procedure serves as an error correction mechanism. 相似文献
3.
Carol T. Kulik E. Allan Lind Maurice L. Ambrose Robert J. MacCoun 《Social Justice Research》1996,9(4):351-369
Gender differences in treatment and in judgments of distributive and procedural justice were examined. Three hundred nine
litigants who had been involved in arbitrated auto negligence lawsuits responded to exit surveys. Two mechanisms by which
gender might influence justice perceptions were explored. First, we examined whether a “chivalry bias” might be operating,
in which the procedures systematically favor women over men. If such biases occur, women might feel they had been treated
more fairly because of egocentric biases. Results provided only modest support for the chivalry bias. While women received
slightly better awards and perceived somewhat more control than men, these differences had no effect on perceptions of distributive
or procedural justice. Second, we examined whether men and women differ systematically in the factors they use as indicators
of distributive and procedural justice. On the basis of group-value theory we predicted that women might place more emphasis
on standing or on outcome favorability. The study revealed that men and women did differ in how they defined distributive
justice, with women placing more emphasis on their perceived standing and on their perceptions of the favorability of their
outcomes. There were no substantial gender differences in how procedural justice was defined. Results are interpreted in terms
of how women might be responding to insecurity about facing a justice system historically dominated by men.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
4.
Recent research suggests that attitudes toward police hinge upon the procedures officers use in their interactions with the
public. Using survey data collected from a sample of adults arrested and booked into a local jail in Washington County, Arkansas,
this paper examines some of the factors that influence arrestees’ satisfaction with police. Results reveal that the most important
factor influencing arrestees’ opinions of police was their belief in the benevolence of police actions, followed by their
perceptions of the effectiveness of police, whether or not their arresting officer treated them with respect, racial group
membership, and total household income. These findings lend support to the “normative” or “process-based” model of policing.
The authors discuss the implications of these findings for police and jail administrators. 相似文献
5.
Claire Hamilton 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2011,17(4):253-266
Relying on Brown's (2005a, b) thesis that contemporary shifts in penal policy are best understood as a reprisal of colonial rationality, so that offenders
become “non-citizens” or “agents of obligation”, this article argues, firstly, that this framework (with certain important
refinements and extensions) finds support in developments in Irish criminal justice policy aimed at offenders suspected of
involvement in “organised crime”. These offenders have found themselves reconstituted as “agents of obligation” with duties
to furnish information about their property and movements, report to the police concerning their location and, importantly,
refrain from criminal activity or face extraordinary sanctions. Secondly, it is submitted that this draconian approach to the control of organised crime is built on false premises;
specifically the idea that “organised crime” as such exists and is best controlled through restrictions on the freedom of
key groups or “core nominals”. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines whether the psychological sequelae of rape relate to rape case attrition by leading police to see the
victim as less reliable. A mixed methods approach with two linked studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, was used.
In Study 1, the qualitative study, interviews with 12 specialist police officers were analysed using Framework Analysis. In
Study 2, the quantitative study, 76 specialist officers completed an online questionnaire to assess the generalisability of
Study 1’s findings. In Study 1, officers’ perceptions of victims clustered into three stereotypes, which we label “the real
victim”, “the mad discloser”, and “the bad discloser”. Victims who exhibited signs of shame, self-blame, and post-traumatic
stress reactions which impeded their ability to give a coherent account of the rape were perceived as less reliable “mad”
or “bad” victims. The findings of Study 2 supported these results. Although police interview strategies have improved in recent
years, there is evidence that signs of trauma and shame in the victim are sometimes misinterpreted as signs of lying. This
may affect attrition by impacting on victim-officer relationships. Further training on recognising trauma and understanding
its consequences is recommended both for specialist officers and front-line staff. 相似文献
7.
Robert J. Kelly 《Trends in Organized Crime》1999,5(2):85-122
Summary The 1967 Task Force Report on Organized Crime (TFR) found that “...all available data indicate that organized crime flourishes
only where it has corrupted public officials.” 48 From that standpoint, neutralizing local law enforcement would appear to
be central to criminal operations. That conclusion would depend on (a) how one defines “organized crime” and (b) the assumption
that organized crime described by the Task Force covers all cases and species of it including what is referred to as “non-traditional”
organized crime. A conclusion that seems unchallengeable in the Report is the observation that it was impossible to determine
“the extent of the corruption of public officials in the United States.” The lack of information on this question was aggravated
by the fact that many of those who provided information to the Task Force were themselves public officials. 相似文献
8.
Poh-Kam Wong 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(4):367-395
Since the late 1990s, the Singapore government had embarked on a significant push to develop the city-state into a major life-science
R&D and industrial cluster in Asia. Although a major focus of this new thrust involves attracting leading life science companies
overseas to establish operations in Singapore and developing new public life science research institutions to attract overseas
life science research talents (Finegold, Wong, and Cheah (2004)), the local universities are expected to play an important role as well. In particular, the National University of Singapore
(NUS), the leading university in Singapore, has also started to pursue major strategic change to become more “entrepreneurial”,
and identified life science as a major focus for technology commercialization as well. Adapting the “Triple-Helix” framework
of Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt, & Terra (2000), this paper examines the significant changes in the university-government-industry “Triple-Helix” nexus for life science
in Singapore, and their consequent impact on life science commercialization at NUS. Implications for universities in other
late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race are discussed.
相似文献
9.
Previous tests of the influence of race on decision making within juvenile justice proceedings have traditionally focused
on case-level variables and/or macrolevel factors that characterize the jurisdictions under study. Often excluded are measures
of the attitudinal context within which decision making occurs. Using a revised conflict perspective that incorporates the
role of racial stereotyping, hypotheses are developed centering on racial differences in case processing decisions within
four midwest jurisdictions. Attitudes of juvenile court officials toward the punitiveness of the juvenile court and perceptions
regarding differences between the behavior and attitudes of whites and those of African Americans are included in additive
and race interactive models of five decision-making stages. Results indicate both lenient and harsh treatment of African Americans
compared to whites. Hypotheses regarding racial stereotyping in the decision-making process receive some support and the discussion
focuses on how inconsistent racial effects may be a function of variation in structural “coupling” across system decision
points. 相似文献
10.
The majority of current research on inappropriate relationships between correctional staff and inmates involves a qualitative
approach. This study sought to provide a quantitative analysis of these boundary violators by self-report data, which was
provided by male inmates in a southern prison system. Building upon research by Allen and Bosta (Games criminals play. Susanville, CA: Rae John Publishers, 1981) and Marquart et al. (Justice Quarterly 18:877–910, 2001) the inmates were divided
into two distinct categories: Inmates who indicated “No relationship”, and those inmates who were “boundary violators”. This
study examined the differences between these two categories utilizing demographic characteristics, custody level, and attitudes
and prison behavior. Significant differences were found in boundary violator attitudes about female correctional officers
and the behavior they exhibit in the presence of females. 相似文献
11.
James D. Unnever Francis T. Cullen Julian V. Roberts 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2005,29(2):187-216
Polls exploring attitudes toward the death penalty typically impose a simple, dichotomous response structure: respondents
are asked whether or not they support or oppose capital punishment. This polling strategy deprives respondents of expressing
an indication of the strength of their opinions. When asked whether they support (or oppose) the death penalty “strongly”
or “not strongly,” significant proportions of respondents select the latter category. This suggests that many proponents and
opponents of the death penalty have weakly-held views regarding the issue. These respondents are of great interest because
they are the individuals most likely to change their views. This article analyzes responses to two national surveys in order
to explore the variables that differentiate respondents with strongly-held and weakly-held views. A theoretical account is
offered to explain why some people have weakly-held views on this critical social issue. 相似文献
12.
Charles Woolfson 《Critical Criminology》2006,14(4):339-364
This article begins by presenting a brief overview of the neglected area of “safety crime” in the post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. Quantitative and qualitative evidence is reviewed, suggesting both the widespread nature of safety crimes, and a deteriorating work environment, in which safety crimes are routinely tolerated. Evidence of the “institutionalized tolerance of non-compliance” is provided through a case study of labor inspection in the new member states, focusing on Latvia, currently the worst performer in health and safety in Europe. Against a background of general violations of labor rights, current innovations in European-level regulatory strategies are critiqued, in particular, the shift towards “soft law” and compliance-based strategies, relying on appeals to corporate social responsibility, together with the encouragement of various forms of voluntary initiatives. It is suggested that such (self)-regulatory strategies may be inappropriate as forms of crime control in the new member states of the European Union. In effect, a convergence domestic and European Union policies may open the door to the further “conventionalization” of safety crimes in the new member states.This article is based on a paper first presented to a seminar, “Regulating Corporate Crime and White-Collar Crime: Developments across Europe”, Finnish Police College, Helsinki, 3–4 September, 2004. Financial support for the research was provided by a European Commission Marie Curie chair award (no: 509727). The author would like to thank Kit Carson and Steve Tombs, as well as the participants in the Helsinki seminar for their helpful comments. Any errors remain those of the author alone. 相似文献
13.
Assessing the Relative Importance of the Child Sexual Abuse Interview Protocol Items to Assist Child Victims in Abuse Disclosure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study identifies (1) the importance of using the Child Sexual Abuse Interview Protocol for multiple disciplines to obtain
detailed information of what the alleged child victims say and claim, and (2) the concurrence of multiple professionals about
the relevance of items in the protocol in their practice. A survey with 100 items based on the Child Sexual Abuse Interview
Protocol was self administered by 36 professionals working at a child advocacy center including administrators, attorneys,
child advocates, support persons, physicians, police, psychologists, and social workers. These respondents unanimously felt
it was very important for interviewers to complete two specific items during the course of an investigative interview: “showing the interviewer
is listening to the child” and “showing patience with the child.” As indicated by the average rating scores, 89 items were
perceived between very important and important, and nine items as somewhat important. No item on this scale was rated as doesn’t matter or unimportant. Social workers and police officers did not differ significantly in their ratings of the importance of these items. Both
quantitative and qualitative results support four major considerations when using an interview guide: 1) flexibility in opening
and closing the interview, 2) professional and appropriate use of the anatomical dolls, 3) assessment of the age and mental
state of the child, and 4) determination of the order of questions based on severity of incidents. This study provides data
to identify the importance of using a comprehensive interview protocol for multidisciplinary professionals who work with alleged
victims of child sexual abuse. The use of these 100 items will enhance the effectiveness of conducting a one-time interview
to avoid repeated interviews. This study that was originally aimed at comparing differences among professionals has, in fact,
demonstrated the similarities across disciplines, as agreement among various professional groups was substantial. This finding
dissolves the myth that multiple disciplines brought forth diverse opinions and instead encourages the “working together”
concept of a team. 相似文献
14.
S. Patrick Thornton 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1993,9(1):40-47
Conclusion On the 15 propositions, three propositions were found to support the general hypothesis. The findings indicate that as police
officers showed an increase in attitudes supporting spousal violence the following occurred: (a) “frequent calls for police
assistance from the household” became less important to police officers who were deciding to arrest; (b) “Jail overcrowding”
became more important to police officers who were deciding not to arrest; and (c) “participant’s first encounter with the
police” became more important to police officers who were deciding not to arrest. The other 12 propositions did not support
the general hypothesis which suggested that the priority of all extralegal factors would relate to the ABUSE score. 相似文献
15.
The current study connects survey data of inmates and correctional staff in the Dutch prison system in order to describe and
explain the impact of staff orientation and staff working conditions on perceived prison circumstances of inmates. Importation
and deprivation theory are combined to test an integrated model to explain perceived prison conditions. By surveying staff
(N = 1750) and inmates (N = 4673) independently within the same period of time and by afterwards pairing the results on the level of the housing unit (N = 173) using multilevel techniques, it is found that inmates′ perceptions
of the prison conditions vary considerably between housing units. It is also found that staff’s perceptions of prison conditions
show congruency with those of inmates. Another important finding is that in housing units where the orientation of staff towards
inmates is relatively supportive, inmates perceive their circumstances as more positive. Conclusions and directions for further
research are provided. 相似文献
16.
Ronald M. Davidson 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2009,37(2):97-147
The Mahāyāna Buddhist term dhāraṇī has been understood to be problematic since the mid-nineteenth century, when it was often translated as “magical phrase”
or “magical formula” and was considered to be emblematic of tantric Buddhism. The situation improved in contributions by Bernhard,
Lamotte and Braarvig, and the latter two suggested the translation be “memory,” but this remained difficult in many environments.
This paper argues that dhāraṇī is a function term denoting “codes/coding,” so that the category dhāraṇī is polysemic and context-sensitive. After reviewing Western scholarship, the article discusses dhāraṇī semantic values and issues of synonymy, the early applications of mantras, the sonic/graphic background of coding in India
extended into Buddhist applications, and the soteriological ideology of dhāraṇīs along with some of its many varieties. 相似文献
17.
Geoff Dean 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2005,20(2):20-43
It is an investigative truism that “information is the lifeblood of an investigation.” Yet in many investigations police and
security personnel fail to fully utilize the diverse range of different types of information readily available to them which
can add significant value to an investigation. In effect, potentially useful information simply falls between the cracks in
an investigation. In serious, complex and/or high profile crimes and security type terrorism threats, the risks of missing
such informational gaps and cracks pose a very real and present danger.
To address this “falling between the cracks” informational phenomenon the current author devised and developed a deliberate
low-tech ‘Cross-Check’ system that the average investigator can be trained in to use on a daily basis without the need for
expensive or sophisticated equipment. The C+C system teaches an investigator to think in a logically grounded and creatively
systematic manner using different types of information about a crime or security problem.
The core of the C+C system is its ability to bring together and focus on the interrelationships between four qualitatively
different levels of information. The goal of the C+C system is to generate and then prioritize the investigative leads that
logically flow out of systematically ‘cross+checking’ informational interrelationships in order not only to plan and manage
an overall investigative strategy but also to develop leads into evidence.
This paper presents the theoretical, conceptual, and operational frameworks of the C+C system as a knowledge management tool
in relation to the integration of several police and security profiling approaches as well as illustrating its practical application
with a case example of an arson investigation. 相似文献
18.
During voir dire, judges frequently attempt to “rehabilitate” venirepersons who express an inability to be impartial. Venirepersons
who agree to ignore their biases and base their verdict on the evidence and the law are eligible for jury service. In Experiment
1, biased and unbiased mock jurors participated in either a standard or rehabilitative voir dire conducted by a judge and
watched a trial video. Rehabilitation influenced insanity defense attitudes and perceptions of the defendant’s mental state,
and decreased scaled guilt judgments compared to standard questioning. Although rehabilitation is intended to correct for
partiality among biased jurors, rehabilitation similarly influenced biased and unbiased jurors. Experiment 2 found that watching
rehabilitation did not influence jurors’ perceptions of the judge’s personal beliefs about the case. 相似文献
19.
Legal processes have a theatrical component to them. They offer an audience (the spectators) and actors (the legal parties,
lawyers, as well as the jury and judge) who perform a play on the stage of the courtroom. In this paper we focus on the role
of the jury, which appears to be simultaneously audience and actor. As audience, it assures that the power of the judge is
limited. As actor, the jury is able to play its role in such a way as to incorporate social attitudes into the verdict. Exploring
this theatrical component may shed new light on the debate whether juries are a “good” way of finding legal settlements. Further,
it could indicate how legal processes are perceived by the public. As our line of argument builds on Adam Smith’s moral and
legal philosophy, the analysis may also contribute to the understanding of one of the building blocks of Smith’s philosophy,
namely the impartial spectator. 相似文献
20.
Jesse C. Brown 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1987,11(2):227-248
Television has become “the” medium of the masses in contemporary America. However, there has been very little systematic investigation
about television’s impact upon agents of political authority, such as municipal police agencies.
This research analyzes potential linkages between voter support for local police and voter viewing habits of local television
news. The impact of television news upon voter support for police is assessed in the context of a multivariate model, which
includes media and non-media predictor variables. Voter “support” for a municipal police agency is deemed a multidimensional
concept and is measured in absolute and relative terms.
The findings of this exploratory study suggest that local television news has minimal or no impact (positively or negatively)
upon voter attitudes toward local police agencies. The inability of mediaand non-media variables to explain voter support for municipal law enforcement indicates the need for a completely new paradigm
to guide research in this niche of criminal justice. 相似文献