Analysis of the EU's Security-Development Nexus Aid Policy in Africa and Agenda 2063

The EU has provided a large amount of development assistance to Africa for many decades, but it has not been very effective.Particularly afterthe end of the cold war, many internal conflicts broke out in African countries, which had serious impacts on socio-economic development.This prompted the EU to connect development and security issues, and propose that development assistance to Africa should not merely focus on economic growth, but it should also help with post-conflict reconstruction and conflict prevention.It is only by incorporating security issues into development policy that assistance could be made effective and human rights could be protected.These ideas were made a central part of EU aid to Africa.This article attempts to describe the security-development nexus as it relates to the EU' s aid policy to Africa in the 21 st century;analyse the reasons behind this policy change and point out the shortcomings.From this, the paper also looks at how Africa and the EU are working together under the Agenda 2063 framework.     

Significance of the 50 Years of EU

With half a century’s vicissitudes, the former European Economic Community (the EEC) with a membership of only six-France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands has grown into today's 27-member European Union with the mission extended from only economic cooperation to an all-encompassing cooperation in political, social, judicial and security fields and etc. No matter how people try to appraise it, the development of the EU and its achievements can not be denied.     

The EU’s Foreign Policy Under Debt Crisis

Under the impact of the sovereign debt crisis, the European Union pays less attention to its foreign policy and the Common Foreign Policy tends to be "renationalized"; the EU is again embracing "geo-economics" with an enhanced tendency of highlighting economic ties and trade in its external relations; EU countries have greatly cut their defence expenditures, making it more difficult to implement the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in future. The author holds that the prospects of economic growth in the Eurozone countries, European integration under the pressure of structural changes in international relations, and competition and collaboration in a multiple structure of foreign policy establishments are combined to shape the EU’s foreign policy in the coming years.     

New Trends in the Relationship Between Major Western Countries and Africa

With the deep-going development of globalization and enhanced African unity for self-improvement, the international community is paying more and more attention to the standing of Africa and the role it plays. The United States, Japan, Russia, India and the European Union (EU), are strengthening and upgrading, out of their own needs, their political and economic relations with African countries in a bid to consolidate their strategic interests in the continent.     

Issues Related to EU''s Foreign Policy

The European Union (EU) is widely regarded as an important international actor, and usually referred to as a big power like the U. S. , Russia, China and Japan. So naturally the foreign policy of the EU has caught attention of both officials and scholars over the world. However, the EU is also a combination of sovereign states, its foreign policy is different from others, and perhaps this is often ignored. For instance, unlike a single nation state, the EU's influence and power are different in various policy fields due to its different ways of decision-making and implementation. Also, different from the common currency, the forming of the common foreign policy of the EU doesn't mean the disappearance of respective member state's foreign policy. Only seeing or emphasizing one respect will lead to a misunderstanding of the EU. Moreover, as a unique "supranational and intergovernmental" organization in the world, the EU has too many complex institutions, names and terms. Of course, the situation is not better in the field of foreign policy, and it easily leads to confusion and misunderstanding. It is also necessary to point out that the EU is still in the process of evolvement, and in particular, as one of the major reforms of the EU in recent years, the foreign policy-making mechanism has been in the center of change and adjustment. It is no doubt that this adds to the difficulties of studying and understanding the EU's foreign policy. In a word, the author thinks it is necessary to raise some major issues related to the EU's foreign policy and delve into it in connecting with the EU's current development.     

The Contradictions in the EU''s Policy towards Turkey

On December 17, 2004, after hard negotiations, the European summit finally reached an agreement to launch the negotiations with Turkey on its accession to the EU in October 2005. This is a very important change in the EU's policy towards Turkey. Under the background of so-called "war on terror" and "conflict of civilizations," the EU's above-mentioned decision is especially arresting. Through analyzing the dominant factors in the EU's policy towards Turkey, this paper tries to make a judgment on the future development of Turkish- EU relationship, the prospect of Turkey's accession to the EU and the influences over the development of European integration.     

Analysis of the Current Situation in North Africa ＆ the Middle East

After the upsurge of domestic turmoil in Tunis last December,unrest spread rapidly through North Africa and the Middle East,having a profound effect on current international relations.It will continue to affect relations between the major powers and the international system as a whole for some time to come.The regional turmoil of North Africa and the Middle East is of particular interest to International Political Economy(IPE)studies.It seems to embody a geostrategic conflict between the US and the EU in contending for leadership in North Africa and the Middle East.It is also an expression of the competition for dominance of the global financial structure between the major powers during a period of transition in the international system.Lastly,it is a manifestation of America’s struggle to maintain its global economic hegemony.     

Properly Handling the Third Party Issues in Sino-U.S. Relations

The relationship between China and the United States is becoming increasingly important in the world; no longer is it limited to bilateral issues, and the third party issue has grown in significance. There are various kinds of third party countries.Some of these, such as Japan, South Korea, Australia and the European countries are U.S. allies. Some, like the central Asian and ASEAN states, are neighbors of China. In the category of major world powers we can also include Russia, India, Japan and the EU, while African and some Latin American countries are relatively marginalized. An important aspect of China's diplomacy in recent years has been to work hard on two fronts:to develop relations with the above mentioned countries, while at the same time taking note of the interests and concerns of the United States. China has achieved a successful balance between the two.     

Necessary Policy Changes in Bush''s "Diplomatic Revolution"

How exactly to see America's foreign policy of Bush's second term? To put it briefly, on the issues scholars of America and other countries including China can roughly divided into two schools, they are respectively "continue or constant school" and "change or adjust school." The former believes that Bush's win in the general election means a victory of conservatism. In his second term, President Bush will not change the general direction of his tough foreign policy.     

“主权欧洲”:欧盟向“硬实力”转型?

Profound changes unseen in a century,especially the transformation of the international order and global structure,have shattered the foundation of the European Union’s international leverage and reshaped its global status profoundly,forcing it to search for a new foreign strategy.Numerous challenges against multilateralism have undermined the institutional basis on which the EU has relied to exert global influence over time,and the intensification of geopolitical competition among major powers reveals the fragility of the European power structure.Frequent crises of the transatlantic alliance not only undermine the EU’s strategic reliance on it but also threaten its core interests directly.The accumulation of internal crises within the EU has seriously endangered its legitimacy while also critically threatening its power foundation.Consequently,reflecting upon the causes of the potential marginalization of its global status,the EU has reemphasized its“strategic autonomy”by proposing new concepts such as“European sovereignty,”a“sovereign Europe,”etc.     

非洲安全新挑战及其对中非合作的影响（英文）

The changes in African security environment not only affect the development of African countries,but also have major implications for China-Africa relations.Given its increasing interests on the continent,China should actively participate in African security governance,safeguard its legitimate rights and interests in Africa,and promote Africa’s peace and stability.     

Are China and Russia Axis or Partners?

After experiencing many ups and downs in their relationship, China and Russia have forged a strategic partnership since the advent of the 21stcentury.While Russia's relations with the United States and the European Union have hit a rough patch, its ties with China are on an upward trend.Meanwhile, the United States and Europe are closely watching the two big neighbors in case of the event of a creation of an anti-Western "axis."Grounded in an analysis of the unique advantages of China-Russia relations, this paper argues that the two countries have established a high level of political trust and will continue to work in concert on all fronts.It also looks back at how China entered into alliances throughout its history and the lessons it has learned from those experiences.It emphasizes that China does not deem the establishment of exclusive alliances or political blocs as a foreign policy option.     

Putin’s Dream of a Eurasian Union: Background, Objectives and Possibilities

Russia is trying to establish a Eurasian Economic Union with a Free Trade Area under the CIS, a Customs Union and a Unified Economic Space under the framework of the Eurasian Economic Community. Its ultimate goal is to achieve integration of former USSR satellites and make it into one of the world’s top powers.     

China is the Light and Hope for New Africa

正Friendship between China and Africa started slowly after a general meeting between Africa and Asia,the conference of Bun dung in 1955.Egypt was the first African country to have diplomatic relations with China in 1956,and later at the beginning of1960 the ten African countries followed.At the end of the 1970s a total of 44 countries out of 50 that were free also joined in diplomatic relations with     

Impasse of the European Union and China-EU Relations

T he European Union Constitutional Treaty was shelved after it was rejected last year in the referendums in France and the Netherlands – two EU founding members. The European integration process has thus come to a standstill. In the past year everything seemed to be unpropitious for the EU. Earlier, the member states failed to reach agreement during prolonged negotiations on the EU’s interim budget because of the British-French dispute over farm subsidies. It was not approved until the…     

European Integration—Its Current Predicament and Development Trend

With its high-flying aspirations for integration experiencing a post-Brexit stall,the Europe Union is trying to correct its political tailspin exacerbated by economic woe,refugee resettlement and religious terrorist attacks.This tangle of interrelated problems reveals the EU's failure to align Europe's policy mindset with rapidly-changing environments.The symptoms of EU "Mal-adaptation" are revealed since,despite multi-dimensional countermeasures,member states have no near-term solution for these deep-seated crises:Though the challenges to European integration lie both in the EU's profound internal defects and the nature of modem crises,the EU will not stop striding the way of integration and neither will a fundamental reversal occur because of the crises.     

The Rise of the Far Right in Europe and the Refugee Crisis

The rise of the far right in Europe has captured the attention of the international community in recent years.Its specific features are:an unprecedentedly strong influence,an obvious trend towards the moderate line,horizontal collaboration to expand its reach,and a very adept use of social media networks.The refugee crisis has given the far right an historical opportunity.The rise has also had a profound effect on European politics;it has deepened the political divide inside EU member states,and shaken up the traditional political values and the foundation of the union.The rise of the far right will likely not change Europe's political landscape,but problems of EU governance over its handling of the refugee crisis cannot be ignored.     

Supranational or Intergovernmental?—the Present Situation and Future Prospects for European Integration

Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism are two methods of decision-making for multi-state institutions, and ever since the founding of the European Economic Community （now the European Union） a debate has raged about which of these paths it should follow. This essay will be divided into two parts： the first is about how the EU is perceived on the international stage - is it seen as an intergovernmental organization or a supranational entity？ The second focuses on the factors influencing the level of European integration, examines the present state of European integration, and predicts the likely development of this integration in the future.     

EU Security Policies and Their Prospects

EU security policies consist of two aspects. Internally, they involve behaviors among European states. Externally, they refer to EU policies towards other countries and regions. I. EU's internal security policies. Europe's integration has impact on EU's internal security policies. Today, it is impossible to have war or face military threats among EU members. After suffering countless wars, this achievement is by no means easy. The reason for this achievement is that we believe if traditional nation states can open their borders, conduct cooperation, and render part of their sovereign rights to an integration institution, they will coexist even more peacefully. In the past half a century, the internal security policies of the EU have worked, ensuring that Europe has not witnessed military conflicts any more.     

Strategic Impact of Brexit

Following Brexit, major changes are expected in the UK, the EU, and the relationship between the two, with far-reaching strategic effects on international politics that may develop truly unexpected aspects.Beyond the near-term challenges, the UK is likely to face new developmental opportunities in the long run. The internal power balance in the EU will undergo major changes, possibly leading to progress in diplomacy and defense but with increased internal suspicions, leading to a series of new contradictions. Regardless of its success, Brexit will long trouble the EU. A troubled UK may come to resent the EU, but it is also possible that a well-developed UK will create a development model that is different from those of the EU member states, setting an example for other members considering revaluating their relationship to the EU. The resulting instability may even change it to a free trade area. The UK is an important country, with global influence. Changes in UK-EU relations will have profound geopolitical consequences, and we can expect great changes in UK-American, European-American, UK-Russian, and European-Russian relations and larger relations between East and West. The competition and cooperation among major countries will gain complexity. Due to its close relationships with the UK and the EU, China will also be extensively and profoundly affected.