美国专利侵权诉讼中损害赔偿金计算及对我国的借鉴意义

损害赔偿是专利侵权最为重要的救济方式,是整个专利激励机制的重要制度因素。专利侵权损害赔偿的计算则是专利诉讼的重点和难点,过度或不足的损害赔偿都会对企业创新产生不良影响。美国作为世界上最大的经济体以及第一专利大国,具有丰富的专利司法经验,其专利侵权损害赔偿计算标准和方法对我国专利侵权赔偿制度的完善具有重要的借鉴意义。     

侵害个人信息权益所致精神损害的赔偿额计算

个人信息侵权的精神损害赔偿计算问题于技术应用和规范适用层面困扰着司法实践。《民法典》第1183条和《精神损害赔偿解释》第5条是计算精神损害赔偿额的基本依据,但其所采的概算法易滋生司法恣意,无法解释裁判的合理性。通过合理区分赔偿额层次,增加类型化的情节酌定因素,建构发展的限额对照表法能够为个人信息侵权精神损害赔偿额的计算提供明确、科学的标准,于法律技术层面保障精神损害赔偿制度的功能最大化。精神损害赔偿是个人信息侵权损害赔偿的主要内容,《个人信息保护法》第69条规定的三种赔偿额计算方式却仅适用于计算财产损失。于法定的概算法下发展限额对照表法,可有效解决个人信息侵权的精神损害赔偿额计算难题。     

现有技术抗辩的对比方式和对比标准探析

现有技术抗辩制度的存在具有一定的合理性,德国、日本等国家予以适用、在美国亦存在与之功能类似的相关制度.我国目前通过的"专利法"修正案以立法的形式确立了现有技术抗辩制度,这是我国专利确权制度单独设置模式的一大进步.立足于我国司法实践结合理论探讨,当前在现有技术抗辩的对比方式以及对比标准上存在一定的误读.在我国当前国情下,现有技术抗辩的对比方式应当是被控侵权技术与现有技术进行对比,对比标准应当是新颖性标准.     

知识产权引诱侵权规则的中国法构造

知识产权引诱侵权与共同侵权、帮助侵权、教唆侵权常混为一谈，但并不能为后三者所吸收，应当有自身独特的规则体系。对知识产权引诱侵权的构成与判断，需要分别从引诱行为、关联关系、意图方面进行要件考察，并根据侵权客体差异有所侧重。知识产权引诱侵权损害赔偿责任的承担以按份责任为主，按份责任原则以引诱方侵权获利为赔偿额计算标准落实；当存在强关联关系，同时，直接侵权责任人可一并追诉时，适用单向的连带责任；关联关系较弱时，引诱方承担有限的补充责任。建议我国在专利、商标、著作权法司法解释上确认引诱侵权这类侵权行为，同时通过司法系统条线指导明确成立标准，并以责任承担专项司法解释来规范包括引诱侵权在内的知识产权侵权损害赔偿责任承担问题。     

专利侵权损害赔偿额初探

（一）专利侵权损害赔偿额的计算方法专利侵权损害赔偿额的计算是个十分复杂的问题。各国的做法不尽相同。我国专利法及其实施细则只对侵权赔偿作了原则规定。最高人民法院在总结司法实践经验和参照国外经验的基础上，在《关于审理专利纠纷案件若干问题的解答》（下称《解答》）中提供了三种计算标准，下面就对如何适用等问题进行研究。1．以专利权人因侵权行为受到的实践经济损失作为损失赔偿额。专利权人受到的实际经济损失，也就是其失去的利润额。侵权产品上市后，会抢走专利产品的一部分市场，致使专利权人获利减少。专利权人的实际经…     

NPE诉讼中的司法政策

专利非实施主体（NPE）拥有专利，但不从事实际生产，因此在专利许可谈判中缺乏与专利实施者的交互性。随着知识产权保护政策日益强化，一些旨在攫取高额许可费或寻求高额赔偿的投机型NPE逐步涌现，专利侵权诉讼成为其要挟目标对象的直接或间接手段。探讨NPE诉讼中的司法政策，应考虑到双方当事人在产业链中的不对称性，以及给技术创新、产业发展带来的不利影响，甚至由此导致的司法程序之异化。具言之，在诉讼管辖中，坚持“最密切联系原则”，根据“适当联系”的标准分层次建立积极的管辖权制度；在救济手段上，损害赔偿遵循填平原则，禁令仅适用于“反向劫持”等特殊情形；司法定价应以合理补偿为基础，遵循利益平衡原则，基于个案选取适当方式计算专利许可费率，并以此评估损害赔偿金额。     

论商标反向混淆侵权判定的司法适用

反向混淆作为一种商标侵权的新类型,有着与正向混淆不同的事实构成、判定标准和损害后果,并需要在具体的司法适用中加以区别对待.然而,我国商标法在引入"混淆可能性"要件时,并未针对这一新类型作出适当的立法回应.此外,我国商标侵权的司法适用也存在着混淆标准不明确、不统一和损害赔偿数额不合理的问题.有鉴于此,我国商标法应明确和完善商标反向混淆的判定标准和损害赔偿数额机制,以便更好的规制商标侵权的发生,实现商标权利人、使用者和社会公众的利益平衡.     

我国专利侵权损害赔偿额的确定

本文以专利侵权损害赔偿额如何确定问题的相关理论为基础,分析我国专利侵权损害赔偿额计算方法在实践中存在的问题,进而提出一些探索性的建议,为完善我国专利侵权损害赔偿额的确定问题提供参考。     

网络环境中音乐作品著作权侵权损害赔偿数额的计算

本文主要研究网络环境中音乐作品著作权侵权损害赔偿数额的计算方法与模式。首先通过分析法律制度中对赔偿方式规定的不足,总结不同的赔偿方式所存在的问题。进而分析具体司法实践中法院所考虑的影响赔偿数额计算的各种因素,研究不同因素的特性以及在判决中所起的作用。最后提出完善著作权侵权损害赔偿制度的建议,期望能够对制度的建设和司法实践提供可供参考的理论依据。     

美国专利侵权损害赔偿中的分摊规则问题

在专利侵权损害赔偿确定中,以侵权产品的总价值中可归功于被侵权专利技术的贡献确定专利侵权损害赔偿的分摊规则,有助于解决全部市场价值规则所导致的过度赔偿及专利权排他权非法扩张等问题。美国一百多年相关实践对分摊规则进行了有益探索,我国应借鉴美国的经验对专利侵权损害赔偿制度进行完善。     

A scale for measuring propensity for abusiveness

A brief self-report is described that assesses propensity for male abusiveness of a female partner in intimate relationships. The Propensity for Abusiveness Scale (PAS) items is nonreactive and contains no explicit reference to abusive behavior. The scale has good psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 and three distinct factors. Data were provided by 140 men in treatment for wife assault and by 63 of their female partners. In addition, 44 demographically matched men and 33 of their partners were evaluated. The scale was validated against reports of abuse victimization by men's female partners using the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (Tolman, 1988). The scale correlated 0.51 with women's reports of male Domination/Isolation tactics, and 0.47 with Emotional Abuse scale scores. A discriminant function for high versus low abusiveness indicated that the PAS correctly classified 82.2% of men into high (one standard deviation below) abusiveness. Social desirability corrections do not significantly change the trend of correlations of the PAS with criterion variables. A cross validation of the scale supported the initial results. The scale also correlates significantly with physical abuse.     

Ethics for Lawyers or Ethics for Citizens? New Directions for Legal Education

The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education andConduct (ACLEC) has called for the reconstruction of the ethicalfoundations of legal education. However, it has not justified its premisethat teaching legal values at the initial stage will enhance professionallegal ethics. It is argued that the present system of education, given itstechnocratic, individualistic, and authoritarian tendencies, cannot meetACLEC's challenge. A more ethical legal education can be envisagedwithin a neo-Aristotelian framework. This perspective emphasizes thereflexivity between micro and macro ethics, and utilizes the active andparticipatory learning approaches which should enable students to engagein meaningful moral discourse and problem solving.     

外观设计专利授权的实质要件探讨

外观设计专利新颖性有绝对新颖性、相对新颖性和缓和新颖性三种。我国正在修订的专利法宜继续坚持混合新颖性标准,其比较对象原则上应限于产品外观设计.抵触申请也可破坏外观设计专利申请的新颖性。我国外观设计专利应引入创造性标准,对同一申请人同日在相同产品上中请的多个相似外观设计,不宜被认定为重复授权。此外,我国外观设计专利应继续坚持“美感”标准。     

Challenges for teaching interaction skills for law students

Abstract

Are lawyers witty courtroom heroes or professionals working with and for people? Is law only universal judgements and afterthoughts or could it also be preventive and proactive individual planning and dialogue? The traditional legal education could be seen to have been based on the first assumptions. The course “Interaction skills for lawyers”, in the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki (Finland), evolves instead from the latter assumptions. In this article we relate our starting points in planning the course and evaluate our challenges and experiences in developing it.     

Cooperation Challenges for the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

While the Agreement between the United Nations and Lebanon providesa solid framework for cooperation between the Special Tribunaland Lebanon, Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007) is silenton the duty of third states to assist the Tribunal. As a result,the Special Tribunal will be confronted with a variety of obstaclesand problems in obtaining their cooperation, which may seriouslyhamper its functioning.     

论刑事审判监督程序的理论基础

对我国刑事审判监督程序进行改革和完善 ,就要对刑事再审制度的理论基础进行深入研究。对于西方国家既判力理论、避免双重危险理论等原则中所体现的有益价值观 ,也应从我国的实际出发 ,在构建我国刑事再审制度的理论基础中加以吸收。通过研究刑事再审制度的理论基础 ,推动刑事诉讼改革 ,逐步建立和完善中国特色的刑事再审制度 ,努力促进在全社会实现公平和正义的目标。     

Association for Conflict Resolution Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordinators

On November 6, 2014, the AFCC Board of Directors endorsed the Association for Conflict Resolution (ACR) Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination, including ethical principles for Eldercaring Coordinators, training protocols, and court pilot project template. The collaboration between Task Forces created by ACR and the Florida Chapter of AFCC, composed of twenty U.S./Canadian and twenty Florida‐wide organizations, produced both an overarching guide to assist in the development of programs and a more detailed model addressing state/province‐specific needs and characteristics. Eldercaring coordination is a dispute resolution option specifically for high‐conflict cases involving the care, needs, and safety of elders.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• There are currently no dispute resolution options for parties involved in high‐conflict cases regarding the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination address the discrepancies between dispute resolution options available for parents in conflict regarding their minor children and mature families with unresolved concerns about the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination provide information regarding the ethical practice of eldercaring coordination including a specific definition, recommended qualifications, ethical practices, grievance procedures, training protocols, and a court pilot project template.
• The practice of eldercaring coordination will address the influx of court cases expected as baby boomers continue to age, reducing delays in court hearings, as parties will have the opportunity to resolve their concerns without continuous court attention.
• As of June 2015, five states began Pilot Projects on Eldercaring Coordination, which will be studied by an independent research group to enhance the progress of the process and to develop the best practices for initiating the programs elsewhere.

     

永远怀念郑成思老师

2006年9月10日,当全中国的教师们还在以各自的方式感受第22个教师节的时候,你走了。我们只是感到突然,但并不意外。因为从你的病情被确诊的那一刻起我们就知道,这一天,正在一步一步向我们逼近。一年多来,每当星期二上班或有其他聚会的时候,我们总是小心翼翼地谈到你,三言两语而已。因为我们深怕对你的健康的担忧和牵挂会让我们没有办法若无其事地工作和生活。我们一直有一种凄然的默契:没有你的消息就是