《法律的概念》的功利主义检讨——以法律与道德的分离为中心

《法律的概念》一书在试图进行一种不带任何论证目的的描述性分析的同时,却无时无刻不被功利主义这一幽灵所萦绕。那么,鉴于功利主义的人性预设的价值判断,作为一种理想类型划分的道德与法律的分离命题就需要重新检讨检讨的过程折射出了法律实证主义的自由主义悖论,进而开放出了法律实证主义在自由主义传统下如何处理功利主义与个人自由间关系的问题。     

论哈特对边沁功利主义法学思想的扬弃

边沁将功利主义运用到法学研究里,提出了功利主义法学思想,对自然法思想进行了猛烈的抨击,其之后的继承者也将这个思想扬弃,在分析实证主义鼻祖奥斯丁这里,其许多思想仍采用功利主义法学观点引用到分析实证法学里面,作为分析实证主义杰出代表人物,哈特更是继承并发扬了边沁的功利主义法学观点,本文试从这个角度出发来挖掘哈特的功利主义法学思想,以便更好的理解哈特和分析实证主义法学。     

边沁的功利主义刑罚观探析

边沁的功利主义刑法思想在近代西方刑法学说史上占有重要地位，尤其是他的功利主义刑罚观，对近现代刑罚思潮影响极大。本文从剖析边沁功利主义刑罚观的哲学基础入手，探讨边沁关于刑罚权的根据，刑罚的目的，刑罚的适用以及死刑存废等刑罚理论的思想，从而为我国刑法改革事业的顺利发展提供借鉴     

分析实证主义法学的法律制度观

奥斯丁认为法律制度由主权者颁布的命令构成；凯尔森第一次提出用联系的观点看待规则之间的关系并将法律制度看做是等级森严的规则体系；哈特则主张构成法律制度的是主要规则和次要规则的有机结合；而拉兹则是从整体上对法律制度的框架进行了深入和系统的研究；制度法学强调从哲学和社会学两种意义融合的角度来对待法律制度。     

分析实证主义法学的法律制度观

奥斯丁认为法律制度由主权者颁布的命令构成;凯尔森第一次提出用联系的观点看待规则之间的关系并将法律制度看做是等级森严的规则体系;哈特则主张构成法律制度的是主要规则和次要规则的有机结合;而拉兹则是从整体上对法律制度的框架进行了深入和系统的研究;制度法学强调从哲学和社会学两种意义融合的角度来对待法律制度。     

从自然正义到自然权利

本文尝试站在启蒙与现代性的立场上反思自然权利论的源起与影响,主要从政治—哲学的角度把握自近代以来的法律实证主义对西方自然法传统和法律信仰的冲击,从而形成对自然权利问题的个人反思和对这一法学思潮的现代批判。     

自然法,还是法律实证主义

“恶法非法”还是“恶法亦法”?自然法理论与法律实证主义所争议的这一核心问题既是学术的,又更在学术之外。在学术的象牙塔里,争论还会继续下去,如果仅此而已,社会可以对它们漠然处之。问题在于,当它们中的一个在事实上成为法律实践的指导理论时,处于法律生活中的人们就无法不对其投以关注。如何克服法律之恶,应当是现代法律制度建设最重要的问题之一。一个能够保证在现实的立法中,以最大可能追求善,而一旦出现恶法时,又以最大的可能祛除恶,对法律进行修复的制度,必须是我们时刻追求的。     

哈特/德沃金之争与法律实证主义的分裂——基于“分离命题”的考察

哈特与德沃金之争及其所开放出来的问题构成了当今英美法律哲学研究的理论坐标。哈特/德沃金之争的核心在于法律与道德有无必然的关联,哈特认为法律与道德不存在必然的关联;而德沃金认为,承认规则既无法识别原则也不是一个社会规则,法律与道德存在必然的关联。法实证主义在回应德沃金的批判时,在承认规则识别法律之判准的内容上发生了分歧,分裂为排他性与包容性的法实证主义。     

法律实证主义的问题意识

法律实证主义作为西方法哲学史上与自然法学派相对立的思想流派.始终饱受误解和质疑.法律实证主义的"问题意识"是深入领会其良苦用心和精神实质的关键.自然法学派与法律实证主义的法律观都具有批判与保守、灵活与随意、确定与僵化的两面性.法律实证主义以"形式正义"取代"实质正义",以"合法性"诠释"正当性",是对自然法的绝对性、抽象性、不确定性等形而上学固有缺陷深刻认识的结果,反映了法律实证主义深刻的问题意识.因之,法律实证主义在实践上具有更稳健、妥切、现实的品格.法律实证主义以特殊的方式理解和处理了正当性观念,它与自然法学派的关系与其说是本体论上的对立,不如说是认识论和方法论上的发展、补充和超越,由此二者才能共同支撑和维护西方法治文明的大厦.     

法律实证主义辩护

<正>一至少50年来在德国法哲学中拒绝甚至谴责法律实证主义几乎成为一种礼仪上的要求。我试图在下面表明,这种对于法律实证主义的拒绝在理性的范畴内是难以理解的,这种态度更多主要是建立在误解和成见之上。     

Blurring the love lines: The legal implications of intimacy with machines

In this paper, I explore an area of emerging science, android science, and attempt to start a dialogue about possible future legal implications of fully conscious robots, referred to in this essay as humanoids. While the world currently has millions of robots doing industrial, commercial, and household tasks, I focus specifically on the legal challenges of human sexual interaction with future humanoids, albeit notional technology at this point in time. While this humanoid is a giant leap forward technologically, if a self-aware, super-intelligent, thinking, feeling humanoid is developed, the legal system will be hard pressed to distinguish this creature legally from human actors on grounds not stemming from a religious or moral prejudice. I consider whether human–humanoid sexual interactions should be regulated, the possible rights that might devolve to humanoids, and, finally, possible cost and benefit implications to humans in providing protections to humanoids. The objective is to discuss how the legal framework might appear if humans are not the only legal actors.     

The legal aspects of corporate computer usage policies

In this paper we examine the legal aspects of corporate computer usage policies including their creation, management, and their relevance to corporate computer forensic investigations. Misuse of corporate computing facilities cannot only lead to a reduction in employee productivity and network bandwidth, but can also increase the risk of infection of such facilities by computer viruses and other malicious code. Moreover, it may lead to the risk of liability and legal action.     

有关公民知情权的法律制度保障

知情权是现代民主国家公民的一项基本人权。在我国有关保障公民知情权的法律制度已初步建立。但是公民知情权宪法地位尚未明确;知情权法律保障制度还不能形成一个系统而完善的体系,其法律保障效力难以发挥。确立公民宪法和法律上的知情权,制定政府信息公开法是完善公民知情权法律保障制度的重要内容。     

法哲学视域下的民事权利概念

我国大陆现存的民事权利概念是专门由民法学家经营的一个概念,是民法学视域下的民事权利概念,也是狭义的民事权利概念。法哲学视域下的民事权利概念,是应该由法理学家或宪法学家经营的一个概念,是广义的民事权利概念。该概念应是站在法哲学的高度,在整个法学领域内,对民事权利进行全景式的认识和研究,因而该概念更具全面性和普适性。法哲学视域下的民事权利概念有利于全面认识和揭示民事权利的属性;有利于全面认识和揭示民事权利对法的作用和在法体系中的地位;有利于语词使用上的一致性。     

Mental disorder and legal responsibility: The relevance of stages of decision making

The paper discusses the relevance of decision-making models for evaluating the impact of mental disorder on legal responsibility. A three-stage model is presented that analyzes decision making in terms of behavioral control. We argue that understanding dysfunctions in each of the three stages of decision making could provide important insights in the relation between mental disorder and legal responsibility. In particular, it is argued that generating options for action constitutes an important but largely ignored stage of the decision-making process, and that dysfunctions in this early stage might undermine the whole process of making decisions (and thus behavioral control) more strongly than dysfunctions in later stages. Lastly, we show how the presented framework could be relevant to the actual psychiatric assessment of a defendant's decision making within the context of an insanity defense.     

The evolution of European legal integration

This article contributes to the development of theories on European integration by testing and exploring statistical models on the long-term development of legislative activity of the European Commission. Drawing on legal information gained from the European Union’s PreLex database and analyzing it with the help of statistical analyses, we map out growth patterns of EU law between 1976 and 2003. We construct time-series models and models based on non-linear regression. While the performance of models based on the traditional theoretical approaches, intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism, is rather poor, the analysis suggests that nonlinear dynamic models might be an interesting avenue for future conceptualizations of the EU integration process. This article is based on a paper presented at the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, “Implications of a Wider Europe: Politics, Institutions and Diversity”, 24–26 June 2004, Bologna, Italy. We would like to thank the seminar participants for useful comments.     

Herzl's legal and economic views in The Jewish State: A scorecard

This paper compares Theodor Herzl's conception of the legal and economic institutions he envisioned in The Jewish State with those functioning Israel in 1995. His main goal, the establishment of a Jewish state, was achieved, but what has developed is not quite what Herzl expected, due mainly to the enormous burdens of defense. Nevertheless, many of the legal and institutional features of the economy he envisioned are in place, although in altered form.     

Sidgwick's Utilitarian Analysis of Law: A Bridge from Bentham to Becker?

Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian analysis of crime and punishmentis regularly characterized as an inspiration for the economicanalysis of law, whereas Henry Sidgwick has been all but ignoredin the discussions of the history of law and economics. Sidgwickis well known as the godfather of Cambridge welfare economics.Yet, as we will show, his utilitarian analysis of issues inproperty, contract, tort, and, criminal law reflects themesnow associated with the Chicago approach and advances on Benthamin multiple ways—including through the use of marginalanalysis—making him a bridge on the road from Benthamto Becker.     

公共卫生框架下的卫生监督及其法制工作内涵简

卫生监督工作是公共卫生事业的一个组成部分,在实现公共卫生目标的同时,应当具备＂自我进化＂的能力。这种能力是公共卫生事业不断向高水平发展的重要因素,其动力来源在很大程度上依赖于卫生监督法制工作在正确的方向上有效运转。传统视角下对卫生监督法制工作内涵的解读有其局限性,本文在把握卫生监督与公共卫生之间的关系,以及重述、分析卫生监督过程的基础上,从解读立法、审视立法、反馈立法三个新的视角尝试探讨卫生监督法制工作的内涵。     

Building sustainable free legal advisory systems: Experiences from the history of AI & law

The enthusiasm for artificial intelligence (AI) as a source of solutions to problems is not new. In law, from the early 1980s until at least the early 2000s, considerable work was done on developing ‘legal expert systems.’ As the DataLex project, we participated in those developments, through research and publications, commercial and non-commercial systems, and teaching students application development. This paper commences with a brief account of that work to situate our perspective.The main aim of this paper is an assessment of what might be of value from the experience of the DataLex Project to contemporary use of ‘AI and law’ by free legal advice services, who must necessarily work within funding and other constraints in developing and sustaining such systems. We draw fifteen conclusions from this experience, which we consider are relevant to development of systems for free legal advice services. The desired result, we argue, is the development of integrated legal decision-support systems, not ‘expert systems’ or ‘robot lawyers’. We compare our insights with the approach of the leading recent text in the field, and with a critical review of the field over twenty-five years. We conclude that the approach taken by the DataLex Project, and now applied to free legal advice services, remains consistent with leading work in field of AI and law.The paper concludes with brief suggestions of what are the most desirable improvements to tools and platforms to enable development of free legal advice systems. The objectives of free access to legal information services have much in common with those of free legal advice services. The information resources that free access to law providers (including LIIs) can provide will often be those that free legal advice services will need to use to develop and sustain free legal advisory systems. There is therefore strong potential for valuable collaborations between these two types of services providers.