检察机关开展附条件不起诉制度研究——以广州市南沙区人民检察院为视角

未成年人附条件不起诉制度,是我国2013年实施的刑事诉讼法首次确立的特殊诉讼制度。广州市南沙区检察院紧密结合未成年人司法实践,细化未成年人附条件不起诉的适用条件、范围、程序、附加义务,引入未成年人心理干预机制、附条件不起诉评估小组机制、附条件不起诉内部听证程序的配套机制,努力探索未成年人附条件不起诉的成熟范例。     

未成年人附条件不起诉适用条件与程序分析

适用条件是启动未成年人附条件不起诉的前提，是检察机关适用未成年人附条件不起诉制度所应把握的尺度和标准，除法律规定的条件，还应考虑是否涉嫌构成共同犯罪、是否具有犯罪前科以及是否具备考察帮教条件等相关因素。而环节配置科学合理的程序则是适用未成年人附条件不起诉制度有效运行的保障。但现有的立法和司法解释时未成年人附条件不起诉适用程序的规定尚且比较原则，需要对从审查启动到监督制约与救济过程中各个环节进行一体化考量，使之有机衔接。     

如何构建适用未成年人附条件不起诉制度的激励机制

刑事诉讼法专门规定了适用于未成年人刑事案件的特别诉讼程序,并在该程序中特别设立了附条件不起诉制度.然而由于附条件不起诉制度适用罪名的范围过于严格、适用条件的规定较难把握、监督考察的主体无适格性、考察制度的内容不够细化、最终作出的决定缺少救济,致使检察机关及诉讼参与人对未成年人刑事案件适用附条件不起诉程序的积极性不高,由此可能导致该制度设立的目的难以在司法实践中得到有效的贯彻和落实.本文将从提高检察机关和诉讼参与人适用该制度的自愿性、主动性和积极性着手,讨论如何构建适用未成年人附条件不起诉制度的激励机制.     

浅析我国未成年人附条件不起诉制度——以新《刑事诉讼法》为视角

新《刑事诉讼法》确立了我国未成年人附条件不起诉制度,但是由于立法规定简单,实践指导性不强,如何在司法适用中正确理解未成年人附条件不起诉制度以及如何准确把握适用未成年人附条件不起诉制度的前提和条件成为当前检察机关亟需解决的问题。     

论我国附条件不起诉制度的完善

附条件不起诉制度的确立在我国刑事立法,尤其是未成年人的相关立法上具有着里程碑的意义,使我国未成年人刑事司法实践中长期探索试行的该项制度获得了刑事诉讼法的正式确认.但从目前的立法规定来看,该制度还存在着适用范围偏窄、考察机制不合理、监督救济机制不完备等问题,不能使附条件不起诉制度的应有价值得以有效发挥,应从扩大适用范围、完善考察机制、完善监督救济机制等方面进一步完善我国的附条件不起诉制度.     

未成年人附条件不起诉制度存在的问题及解决思路

《刑事诉讼法修正案》首次在刑诉法中确立了"对犯罪的未成年人实行教育、感化、挽救的方针,坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则",并在第271条对未成年人的附条件不起诉做出了规定,表明了我国未成年人附条件不起诉制度的正式确立。但对于附条件不起诉规定不够完善、具体,导致在实践中存在实际操作案例少,监督制约机制不完善等问题。要贯彻落实未成年人附条件不起诉制度,必须加强监督机制,建立完备的司法救济措施。     

论附条件不起诉制度在基层检察院的适用

通过对未成年人适用附条件不起诉,可有效减少犯罪对未成年人本身、未成年人的家庭及社会造成的负面影响,我国对未成年人附条件不起诉制度的规定主要见于刑诉法中的未成年人特别诉讼程。在未成年人犯罪的司法实践中,常会遇到酌定不起诉与附条件不起诉存在重合的案件,对于具体个案应适用何种不起诉,法律及司法解释没有明确规定,我们认为,为了更好地保障未成年人利益,当未成年人附条件不起诉与相对不起诉在适用条件上存在重合时,应直接作出相对不起诉决定。     

未成年人附条件不起诉与犯罪记录封存制度研究

新刑诉法第二百七十一条、第二百七十五条分别规定了未成年人附条件不起诉制度与未成年人犯罪纪录封存制度。未成年人犯罪社会危害性相对较小,加之有监护人的监督,在可控范围内作出附条件不起诉决定、对特定犯罪纪录进行封存,最大限度保障未成年人合法权益,是使未成年人顺利回归和适应社会的重要责任。尽管如此,对于未成年人适用上述制度,也必须遵循一定的程序制度。     

论我国附条件不起诉制度的适用

附条件不起诉又称暂缓起诉,由于附条件不起诉制度在我国仍属一项新生制度,需要经过实践经验后再逐步推进.因此我国新修订的刑事诉讼法只规定了对未成年人案件可以适用附条件不起诉.教育和保护未成年人是国家法律确定的一项基本政策.我国在对待未成年人犯罪方面,有着各种不同但行之有效的法律制度.也由此决定了对失足的未成年人适用附条件不起诉制度必须注重与这些法律制度的统一和协调.     

附条件不起诉制度的构建

附条件不起诉制度是不起诉制度的重要组成部分。在我国实行附条件不起诉制度符合司法规律,而且具有必要性和可行性。附条件不起诉制度主要适用于可能被判处3年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制,并处或者单处罚金的犯罪嫌疑人,当然,拟附条件不起诉的嫌疑人在考察期间必须履行一定的附加义务。为了保障附条件不起诉制度的正确适用,必须设定附条件不起诉的监督制约机制,并为被害人和被不起诉嫌疑人设定相应的救济制度。     

新《刑事诉讼法》视野下未成年人检察工作机制研究——以重庆市沙坪坝区检察院为例

本文以《刑事诉讼法》大修为契机,结合未成年人检察工作实际,在提炼修改后的《刑事诉讼法》视野下未成年人检察工作特点的基础上,深挖此次大修给我们正在或即将探索的合适成年人在场、社会调查、犯罪记录封存、附条件不起诉制度所带来的挑战,并试图寻找对策。     

“适当成年人”讯问时在场制度研究——以未成年犯罪嫌疑人为中心

"适当成年人"讯问时在场制度是西方国家普遍规定的一项制度,旨在通过适当成年人在警察讯问时的在场来保证未成年犯罪嫌疑人免受警察的不当压迫,从而实现程序的公正。为保护未成年犯罪嫌疑人的权利,我国应当在目前司法解释的基础上全面确立该项制度。     

酌定不起诉适用中面临的问题与对策——基于未成年人案件的实证研究

酌定不起诉具有贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策、程序分流、提高诉讼效率和合理配置司法资源等方面的功能。由于各种原因,酌定不起诉制度在实践中难以实现其承载的应有功能。基于对未成年人案件适用酌定不起诉的实际情况和适用中存在的突出问题,尽快修改酌定不起诉相关规定、改革考评机制、建立社会支持保障系统,才是解决酌定不起诉适用面临问题的关键。     

附条件不起诉制度实证研究——温州市检察机关附条件不起诉试点工作调查报告

附条件不起诉制度作为轻罪案件非犯罪化处理的一种起诉替代措施,具有化解矛盾纠纷、提高司法效率等积极作用,成为近年来刑事诉讼领域备受关注的热点课题。我国许多地方的检察机关陆续开展了试点工作,积极探索附条件不起诉制度在中国的运行模式。温州市检察机关结合工作情况,对附条件不起诉实践运行基本情况、取得效果、存在问题进行总结和剖析,为我国合理构建附条件不起诉制度提出相应的立法建议。     

An analysis of how the police ‘caution’ is presented to juvenile suspects in England

In England and Wales, suspects must be given a police caution before they are questioned. The purpose of the caution is to explain a suspect's right to silence as a protection against self-incrimination. However, the evidence on whether the caution fulfils its purpose is limited. The aim of the present study was to describe how cautions were delivered in interviews with juvenile suspects in England. First, the study set out to describe how the caution was delivered to suspects during actual police interviews. Second, the study examined whether suspects claimed or demonstrated understanding of the caution. Third, the study analysed how the caution was explained by police officers. In total, the study examined 38 cautions from 31 interviews. The results indicated that police officers delivered the caution at a speed that is likely to be too fast for juvenile suspects to comprehend. Juvenile suspects often claimed to understand the caution, but when asked, failed to demonstrate comprehension. On the other hand, police officers often explained the caution to juvenile suspects, but not always correctly. Both suspects’ and police officers’ explanations of the caution revealed several misconceptions. The results suggest that the caution may not safeguard suspects as intended.     

健全我国不起诉制约机制探析

我国现行的不起诉制约机制主要侧重于内部审批和事后制约,缺乏中立性、公开性和当事各方的参与性,外部制约效果不明显。应当赋予当事各方参与不起诉决定的权利,完善被害人的司法救济,加强人民监督员的外部监督,完善检察机关的内部制约,建立一套规范和科学的不起诉制约机制。     

Identifying variation in police officer behavior between juveniles and adults

This research explores the basis of officer decision making during encounters with juvenile suspects, and compares these encounters to those between police and adults. Specifically, two types of officer behavior are examined: the decision to arrest, and the exercise of authority. Officer behavior during encounters with juvenile suspects is compared and contrasted to encounters with adult suspects. Results from multivariate analyses find juveniles are significantly more likely to be arrested than adults; however, officers do not exercise different levels of authority during interactions with juvenile suspects. Results also indicate that the factors shaping officer behavior varies across age of suspect, namely, the community context and officer's race offer significantly different influences on juveniles than on adults. Other factors also influence officer discretion differently depending on the age of the suspect, most noteworthy being disrespectful demeanor. The results indicate that police officer behavior during encounters with juvenile suspects is very different than during encounters with adults.     

企业合规本土化中的“双不起诉”

"放过企业、严惩个人"是欧美国家企业合规不起诉的理念,但在我国企业合规改革试点的典型案例中,既放过企业又放过个人的"双不起诉"现象出现了,这引发了对企业合规不起诉公正性和正当性的质疑。"双不起诉"出现的主要原因在于,我国未严格区分企业刑事责任和个人刑事责任,未厘清企业合规不起诉制度与认罪认罚从宽制度的关系。随着企业合规改革试点的持续推进,有必要对"双不起诉"引发的质疑作出回应,区分企业和个人的刑事责任,对小微企业的合规不起诉给予足够的本土关怀,厘清企业合规不起诉制度与认罪认罚从宽制度的关系,推动我国企业合规本土化深入发展。     

论加强耻感文化教育对防治少年犯罪的价值

导致当前少年犯罪增多的因素有很多,其中一个很重要的因素就是耻感文化教育缺失。因此,探讨加强传统耻感文化教育对防治少年犯罪的积极作用具有非常重要的意义。本文从分析耻感文化教育缺失是少年犯罪增多的重要因素入手,阐述了加强耻感文化教育有利于防治少年犯罪,提出了对少年加强耻感文化教育的方法。     

The efficacy of the appropriate adult safeguard during police interviewing

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of the appropriate adult (AA) safeguard for vulnerable adult and juvenile suspects undergoing police interviews. Method. We examined the records of suspects held in custody by the London Metropolitan Police at 74 charging stations during February 1997 (Medford, Gudjonsson, & Pearse, 2000). Adult suspects whose custody record indicated psychological vulnerability were included in the study, as well as juvenile suspects. Audiotaped interviews of suspects were analysed using a special coding frame. The contribution (or lack of contribution) made by the AA, the extent to which they fulfilled their role, and the effect of their presence on other persons and interview outcome were examined and analysed. Results. Of the 501 interviews available for analysis, 365 (73%) were with adult suspects and 136 (27%) with juveniles. An AA was present during 212 (58%) adult interviews and 135 (99%) juvenile interviews. The AAs of juveniles, who were mainly family members and friends, contributed more in interview, both appropriately and inappropriately, than did social workers and volunteers, although overall there was little direct intervention bythe AA. Conclusions. Although AAs contribute little to the police interview in terms of verbal interactions, their mere presence during the police interview has three important effects. First, in the case of adults, but notjuveniles, it increases the likelihood that a legal representative will be present. Second, it appears to be associated with less interrogative pressure in interview. Third, in the presence of an AA, the legal representative takes on a more active role.