共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 9 毫秒
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Andreas Schloenhardt 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1999,32(3):203-233
The trafficking of migrants around the world hasbecome a multi-billion-dollar business for criminalorganisations. Over the last ten years, thousands ofmigrants have been moved illegally acrossinternational borders with the assistance ofprofessional trafficking organisations.The increasing number of people forced or willing tomove abroad as well as the restrictions placed onlegitimate migration systems have translated intoorganized crime. Around the world, traffickingorganisations have learned to take advantage of thisstructural inequality, creating sophisticated channelsof illegal migration while exploiting those forced orwilling to migrate.This article seeks to examine traffickingorganisations in light of the most recent theories andinterpretations of organized crime, that is theeconomic analysis of transnational criminalorganisations. With respect to the elaboration offuture countermeasures on national, regional andinternational levels, the aim of this article is toidentify more precisely the major organisational andoperational features of the migrant traffickingbusiness.The article begins with an introductory discussion ofthe economic approach to organized crime in part 1.Part 2 analyses the illegal market in which criminalorganisations, in particular traffickers, operate.This provides the working basis for the examination ofthe migrant trafficking organisation in part 3 of thearticle. 相似文献
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Trends in Organized Crime - 相似文献
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There is concern about penetration of organized crime in the legitimate business. This penetration can take various forms, ranging from a complete take over to a veritable symbiosis between crime-enterprises and the legitimate industry. This paper describes the interaction between crime-enterprises in the mineral oil market in the Unites States and North-western Europe. It pictures the landscape or moral decay, lack of supervision by law enforcement and the spread of systematic fraud in a branch of industry which has become ripe for infiltration by organized crime. The paper reveals that organized business crime is not just a concern for the United States of Europe alone. If the entrepreneurial landscape has similar features and there are possibilities of personal bridgeheads organized business crime obtains crossborder, transatlantic dimensions. The paper questions the selective attention of law enforcement to easily recognizable crime and the morally dubious attitude of legitimate industry taking advantage of the profitable offers by criminal entrepreneurs. 相似文献
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The research goals of this study, undertaken on behalf of the National Strategy Information Center (NSIC), were to describe
the evolution of the political-criminal nexus (PCN) in China and predict its development, examine the causes and patterns
of PCN in China, assess the anticipated threats of Chinese PCN, and identify options for external factors—inside and outside
government—to weaken PCN in China. The researchers used a variety of techniques as part of an overall exploratory methodology,
including interviews and field observations in three Chinese provinces. Key informants included law enforcement officers,
government officials, scholars, prosecutors, judges, businessmen, and underworld figures. Interviews and site visits were
supplemented with the review of a large collection of English and Chinese literature on the subject. The major findings are
(1) in China, PCN is primarily a nexus between gangsters and low- and mid-level government officials from the criminal justice
system; (2) the Chinese government is concerned with the problem of PCN mainly because it is eroding the authority of the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and not because of the threat of organized gangs to social and economic stability; (3) organized
crime in China is going to be a local problem for many towns and cities in the foreseeable future; (4) reasons for the development
of PCN in China could be categorized as economic, structural, social/cultural, and psychological/ideological and the impact
of PCN could be categorized as social, economic, and political; and (5) several options exist for external governmental and
nongovernmental measures to curb or at least control PCN in China, including research, education, and judicial reform. 相似文献
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《Trends in Organized Crime》2012,15(1):75-83
Excerpts
Organized crime and instability in Central Africa Cannabis from the DRC to the region 相似文献12.
Petrus C. Van Duyne 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1996,26(3):201-238
The perception of organised crime as an external threat to political stability and integrity, as well as to orthodox commercial activity, is based on an assumption about the motives and intentions of organised criminals. It invariably results in a call for a war against crime. The reality and the possible solutions are less dramatic but also more complex. Organised criminals are concerned with both legal and illegal businesses where bribery of public officials and involvement with orthodox commercial activity are part of that business. While organised criminals may want to enjoy the profits of their business rather than subvert societies what they do and how they do it can have adverse consequences for societies and should be addressed. In seeking to do this, however, it is necessary not only to analyse threats to target resources more effectively but also discourage those public figures and orthodox businesses whose enthusiasm for short-term benefit overrides their moral judgement and thus allows organised crime to be tolerated within the societies to which they are supposed to be an external threat. 相似文献
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Criminologists often use culture andethnicity to explain crime. In thistradition, organized crime is presentedwith an exotic flavor and the list oftransnational criminal organizations readslike an inventory of ethnic minorities andforeign groups. But the relation betweenethnicity and organized crime isproblematic to say the least. In the courseof our research on several groups active inthe Netherlands (Turkish and Kurdish heroindealers, Yugoslav and Russian-speaking mafiosi, Colombian cocaine dealers andNigerian prostitutes), we have learned toreverse the assumed causal relationship.Ethnic reputation manipulation is essentialto committing crime. This article arguesthat criminal groups and individualsexploit and construct ethnicity in variousways as they engage in criminal activities.Either concealing or emphasizing specificethnic reputations, they are able toaddress any number of audiences (insiders,outsiders, the law). 相似文献
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Andrew McCalister 《Trends in Organized Crime》2005,9(1):24-37
Amid the chaos following the downfall of Saddam Hussein, thousands of treasured artifacts from Iraq’s museums and ruins disappeared.
Many were trafficked out of the country and into auction houses in the West. This occurrence highlights the often-overlooked
role of organized criminal networks in the collection, smuggling, and sale of illicit antiquities. By taking advantage of
the breakdown in social order that surrounded the U.S.-led invasion in {dy2003}, criminals were able to profit from Iraq’s
heritage and deprive its people of their past.
This report examines the looting of Iraqi museums and archaeological during the fighting of 2003. Details of the antiquities
theft that accompanied the chaotic aftermath of that conflict are investigated for signs of infiltration by organized criminal
actors. In addition, the role of organized crime in the international trade in illicit antiquities is examined to shed further
light on this obscure aspect of international criminal activity. Finally, the international response is evaluated to determine
its effectiveness in combating both the theft of Iraq’s archaeological treasures and the increasing power of criminal actors
in the country. 相似文献
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Organized crime in Ukraine has helped to derail the transition to a democratic polity and a free market economy, has generated
considerable violence and corruption, and has contributed significantly to the development of a climate that does little to
encourage foreign direct investment. Consequently this article explains why Ukraine, along with other states of the Former
Soviet Union, developed a major organized crime problem during the 1990s. Having done this, it delineates some of the major
contours of organized crime in Ukraine, identifying the major participants in organized crime, the variations in the phenomenon
in different cities and regions, and the major activities of organized crime. The article also examines the kinds of initiatives
that have been taken by the government of Ukraine in its efforts to combat organized crime, before suggesting some areas in
which these efforts could be significantly improved. 相似文献
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It is one thing to assert that conventional market analysis is critically useful in understanding criminal enterprise. It is more challenging to suggest that corrupt and compromised legal regulation interacts with other critical market variables to maximise market advantage for crime business in a similar manner to legitimate regulatory forces in their protection and enhancement of legitimate business enterprise. The central argument of this paper is that crime business mirrors other business forms when considered in terms of critical market variables, and that in particular regulatory forces when inverted from their original purposes can influence market conditions in the same ways desired from the legitimate regulatory form. The main research direction deriving from the analysis of regulatory influences over specific criminal enterprises is how do certain critical market forces essentially facilitate criminal enterprise as a market phenomenon. This paper suggests how through comparatively analysing nominated critical market forces in the context of lucrative and recurrent criminal enterprises, common business decision-making may be predicted and thereby controlled beyond a law enforcement paradigm. In fact, the paper argues that when perverted law enforcement regulation operates as an inter-connecting market characteristic then it can have a similar influence over illegitimate enterprise that law enforcement may provide legitimate business.By establishing a richer and more enterprise-oriented understanding of crucial market variables, it becomes possible to refine control strategies at critical entry and exit points in the operation of clandestine crime businesses. The paper will challenge a comparative theorising of what makes crime business a good business, and how normative distinctions between illegitimate markets are made less convincing when positioned against an analysis of the interaction of critical market variables. 相似文献
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