Notes:

① Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York: Random House, 1987, pp. xv-xvi.……     

Introduction: Appeasement: Rethinking the Policy and the Policy-Makers

The “Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine of 1904/05” constitutes a landmark in United States foreign policy. However, the 1902/03 Venezuela Crisis—in particular, the arbitration process between the South American country and Germany, Great Britain, and Italy that settled the crisis—led to President Theodore Roosevelt's decision to amend the Monroe Doctrine. The arbitrational award was an important impetus for the corollary because its decision appeared to encourage future European interventions in the western hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary was needed to prevent a situation similar to the 1902/03 Venezuela Crisis from occurring again. Strategically speaking, Roosevelt felt the corollary was necessary to uphold the Monroe Doctrine under new circumstances.     

Analysis: Reconceptualising transitional justice: embedded and distanced justice

This article argues that transitional justice ranges from the very personal and local to the global and structural, spanning processes and outcomes, clear demands, compromises and contracts. It explores this diversity using the framework of ‘embedded justice’ and ‘distanced justice’, and the case studies of South Africa, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. The argument draws on Fletcher and Weinstein (2002) to argue that justice needs to be embedded within and to engage the communities, cultures and contexts of conflict. A recent article by Sieff and Vinjamuri (2002) is used to advocate decentralisation. Transitional justice debates have generally overlooked justice, and human rights, as manifest in political, economic and social processes whilst privileging the law, and dismissing the potential of locally generated and embedded justice. The article argues that achieving the correct balance requires a shedding of naïve faith in, and the transformation of, both local and international justice, and the contexts within which they operate, whilst seeking to build on their complementary capacities and legitimacies.     

KOMMUNIKASIETEORIE: VERTREKPUNTE

Ethnocentrism, the tendency of some people in society to regard all aspects of their culture as superior to that of other culture groups, can have a detrimental effect on intercultural communication. Ethnocentrism discourages contact and communication between members of different culture groups, whereas intercultural communication contributes to a greater understanding between diverse groups. Ethnocentrism is largely a negative attitude towards out-groups, embedded in a belief and value system that is regarded the best under all circumstances. It is acquired by individuals through informal and formal education. Ethnocentrism is reinforced in society in many ways but particularly by membership of in-groups. It has close links with stereotypes and prejudice as is reflected in a culture group's attitudes, values and beliefs. It is difficult to change, largely because it is seen as a way to maintain cultural identity and because people are subjected to the principle of selectivity. Political, national and belief ethnocentrism pose the greatest threat to intercultural communication.     

转型中的战略力量：伊斯兰世界（续二）

三、探求与回应:政治伊斯兰、 原教旨主义、反美主义、恐怖主义 面对现代化道路上的种种曲折,伊斯兰国家一直以不同形式探求解决和因应之道。伊斯兰思想家和政治家提出并实践了不少理论与主张,不仅有民     

转型中的战略力量：伊斯兰世界（续三）

(四)恐怖主义。按照国际社会普遍接受的定义,为实现政治目的、针对平民或民用目标、故意使用或威胁使用暴力的行为,就是恐怖主义。恐怖主义的行为主体通常指非国家集团或秘密组织;如果遭受恐怖袭击的一方是行为体之外的另一个主权国家,则可称之为国际恐怖主义;如果行为主体为主权     

Documentation: The Istituto Affari internazionali's annual report: Activities in 1983

Europe

Controler l'Europe: pouvoirs et responsabilité dans l'Unione européenne/Paul Magnette. ‐ Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, c2003. ‐ (Etudes européennes). ‐ ISBN 2–8004–1306–9

The EU &; Russia: the promise of partnership/by John Pinder &; Yuri Shishkov. ‐London: The Federal Trust, c2002. ‐153 p.‐ ISBN 1–903–40314–6

The EU &; Ukraine: neighbours, friends, partners?/edited by Ann Lewis. ‐ London: The Federal Trust, c2002. ‐ 319 p. ‐ISBN 1–903403–18–9

Fifteen into one?: the European Union and its member states/edited by Wolfgang Wessels, Andreas Maurer and Jürgen Mittag. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2003. ‐ (European policy research unit series). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5849‐X

Multinational corporations and European regional systems of innovation /John Cantwell and Simona lammarino. ‐London: Routledge, c2003. ‐ xvi, 199 p. ‐ (Studies in global competition; v.18) ‐ ISBN 0–415–27140–1

The politics today companion to West European politics/Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2003. ‐viii, 194 p. ‐ (Politics today). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5421–4 (pbk)

Transatlantic relations

Agricultural policy reform: politics and process in the EU and US in the 1990s/Wayne Moyer, Tim Josling. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xvi, 271 p. ‐ (Global environmental governance series). ‐ISBN 0–7546–3050–1

The future oj the transatlantic defense community: final report of the CSIS Commission on Transatlantic Security and Industrial Cooperation in the Twenty‐first Century/Simon Serfaty... [et al.]. ‐ Washington: CSIS Press, c2003. ‐ XIV, 74 p. ‐(CSIS panel report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–425–0

Hegemonic globalisation: U.S. centrality and global strategy in the emerging world order/Thanh Duong. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xiv, 366 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3013–7

The United States and Europe: policy imperative in a globalizing world/edited by Howard M. Hensel. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xii, 257 p. ‐ (Global interdisciplinary studes series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3319–5

Middle East/Arab countries

Arab development challenges of the new millennium/edited by Belkacem Laabas. ‐Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ x, 500 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1869–2

Diplomacy in the Middle East: the international relations of regional and outside powers/edited by L. Carl Brown. ‐ London: I.B.Tauris, c2001 [reprint 2003]. ‐ xx, 365 p. ‐ (The library of international relations). ‐ ISBN 186064–640–9

Iraq's military capabilities in 2002: a dynamic net assessment/Anthony H. Cordesman. ‐ Washington: CSIS Press, September 2002. ‐ viii, 100 p. ‐ (CSIS Report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–416–1

Redefining security in the Middle East/edited by Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent E. Sasley. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2002. ‐ xii, 176 p. ‐(New approaches to conflict analysis). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–6233–0     

Fiji: country profile

Fiji is a country consisting of 300 South Pacific islands, of which the largest is Vitu Levu, which includes the capital, Suva. The islands are home to 700,000 people, of whom 50% are Indian, 46% Melanesian, and the rest Chinese or European. The official language is English, and the major religions are Hinduism and Christianity. Literacy is 79% for men and 64% for women, whose status is generally low in this patriarchal society. Infant mortality is 27/1000 live births, but life expectancy is 70 years. The British began sending missionaries and manufactured goods in the early 1800s and annexed the islands in 1874 as a source of sugar, for which they expropriated the land and imported the Indians as agricultural workers. Sugar remains the largest export along with coconut oil, gold, and timber. Manufactured goods, food, fuel, and chemicals are imported, and the national debt is over $200 million. Foreign investment, mostly by Australia, is $13.2 million. Inflation is 20%; 200,000 people are unemployed, and poverty is general except for the urban elite. The Fijian dollar is worth US. 80. Independence, granted in 1970, replaced colonial control with military governments, currently that of Colonel Rambuka, who refused to allow a democratically elected government to take office. Faced with a declining economy and the political power of the fascist Taukei movement, the Indians, who had been the shopkeepers, craftsmen and bureaucrats during the later period of colonial rule, have been emigrating en masse.     

Swaziland: country profile

Although Swaziland had been independent from colonialism for 20 years, a powerful monarch, King Mswati II, continues to control the country's political, religious, and social system. Swaziland has a population of 676,000, half of whom are under 15 years of age. The infant mortality rate is 105/1000 live births and 25% of children die before they reach their 5th birthday. Life expectancy is 54 years. Tribal chiefs, representing the king, hold and distribute about half of the national land. Most of the fertile land remains in the hands of white settler farmers. The concentration of income in foreign companies and urban centers has exacerbated poverty in rural areas. Depreciation of rand-linked local currency has boosted export earnings, but it has also raised the price of food and medical imports. Swaziland's main exports are sugar, wood pulp, chemicals, and fruit, most of which go to the UK and South Africa. The major food crops are maize, beans, groundnuts, and sorghum. About half of the working population is engaged in small-scale subsistence farming, but food yields are declining. The major producers are foreign companies attracted by Swaziland's low taxes and cheap labor supply.