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1.
This paper builds on the author’s earlier work on benchmark dates inInternational Relations. The Introduction summarises this work and explains howthis paper extends the analysis from suggestions made, but not developed, in earlierpublications. The second section looks in detail at 20 th century benchmark dates centredon the three world wars (First, Second and Cold). It argues that the changes clusteredaround the Second World War are both deeper and more extensive than those clusteredaround either the First World War or the Cold War. The third section uses theseinsights to open-up a macro-historical perspective on the 20 th century, demonstratingthe ways in which choices in relation to both time and scale affect the constructionof macro-historical perspectives. The fourth section demonstrates the advantages ofa two-century perspective on the 20 th century. Here, and in the conclusion, we arguethat the key issues that underpinned world politics in the 20 th century are best seen asthe downstream consequences of the dynamics and challenges ushered in by the 19 thcentury “global transformation.” 相似文献
2.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):179-190
Abstract This article examines the German‐Japanese axis of the Tripartite Pact signed in September 1940 in practice. Traditionally identified issue‐areas in which the alliance failed are considered: for example, deterring the United States from entry into World War II, economic and military co‐operation in the Indian Ocean and vis‐à‐vis the USSR. However, in addition, by highlighting the issue of race and failure to co‐operate in ethnic policies, a more textured understanding of the failure of German‐Japanese relations is adumbrated. 相似文献
3.
基准时间是宏观历史过程中的临界点,标志着一连串的重大变革可能会在较长时间内延续。基准时间具有九条标准,可以分为一等基准时间、二等基准时间和三等基准时间。20世纪的基准时间主要包括三次世界大战(一战、二战和冷战),第二次世界大战前后发生的变革比第一次世界大战和冷战前后的变革都要来得更为深远。将20世纪的三个基准时间置于两个世纪的视角中加以审视,可以突出现代性革命,这种视角能够观察20世纪的三个基准时间在正在展开的\"全球性变革\"这一大的主题下是否会相互联接、是如何相互联接的。20世纪国际政治的关键事件,都应该被视为19世纪\"全球性变革\"所引发的发展态势和挑战的后期结果。 相似文献
4.
推进太空军备控制关乎各国航天事业发展和人类命运共同体的构建。1957年苏联太空力量的出现,使美国产生了“导弹差距”的恐慌,双方很快就展开了太空军备竞赛。在核恐怖对峙中,美苏双方逐渐认识到,实现太空军备控制符合双方战略利益和国际社会期盼,因此到20世纪60年代后期形成了太空军控第一阶段的系列成果。1991年苏联解体后,太空领域出现了权力严重失衡的局面,太空军控由20世纪70—80年代的弱纳什均衡状态转瞬陷入徘徊、倒退。冷战前后的第二阶段因美国的阻挠和退约,太空军控成果乏善可陈。2011年以来,太空军控进入第三阶段,呈现出大国激烈角力、阵营泾渭分明、议题交叉融合等特点和态势。面对太空军事化的严峻现实,世界各国需要在总结太空军控历史实践经验教训的基础上,遵循其内在机理和规律,积极探索和参与制定推进太空军控的有效应对策略和议题方案。 相似文献
5.
Cori E. Dauber 《政治交往》2013,30(2):97-114
This essay examines the argument strategy of the Reagan administration and its supporters in response to the INF treaty. By attempting to define the successful completion of the treaty as proof of the validity of “negotiating from strength,” the administration sought to deny the existence of real change within the Soviet Union. This strategy left the administration unable to cope with dramatic arms control proposals later made by the Soviets, trapping the United States in a purely reactive posture. 相似文献
6.
自1920年代起,东亚各国,特别是中国、朝鲜和越南的共产主义运动即互相交织并连成一片。东亚三国共产党之间的合作,促成了南北两个跨国革命区的形成,本文探讨的即是1945年至1950年间南方中越边境跨国革命区形成的条件、中越双方合作的方式,以及1950年前与1950年后中越同盟关系的区别。学术界对于1950年后的中越同盟关系已多有论述,但1950年前中共与印支共之间的合作则未引起同等重视。1950年前的中越跨国革命区值得探讨,一是因为这一时期的中越革命同盟关系实际上是第二次国共内战和第一次印支战争的延伸,也是这两场战争的连接点。这种联系突显了这两场战争的国际性,进一步证明第二次国共内战和第一次印支战争都是与冷战密切关联的热战,中越跨国革命区因此成为冷战初期的一个地方热点,并代表了国际冷战的一种地方形态;二是因为这一阶段两党之间的合作为1950年代至1970年代末期的中越关系奠定了基础。在国共内战期间,中共不仅得到了苏联共产党和朝鲜共产党的支持,也得到了印支共产党的援助,中共对于胡志明和越南革命运动的支持也是从印支战争爆发之日起即已开始,1950年后只是扩大了援助的范围,并提高了援助的规模和合作的级别。1950年前两党关系中发生的一些问题也将在1950年后重复出现并带来严重后果。 相似文献
7.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(4):505-539
AbstractNippon Fujin (The Japanese woman, 1942–1945) was the most prominent wartime women's magazine of Japan that shaped its propagandistic messages in gendered and culturalized forms. Scrutinizing the visual dimension of the magazine, I discern patterns of gendered visual representation that primarily produce highly visible cultural notions and thereby veil, obscure and render invisible assertions of political power over colonized people as well as enemies. Visibility is commonly associated with influence, power and political impact, whereas less visibility – or invisibility – often indicates the positions of those who are politically powerless, socially disadvantaged or culturally oppressed. Contrasting the visual propaganda in Nippon Fujin with visual examples from NS Frauen-Warte (NS women's outlook), the major Nazi women's magazine of the time, I argue that in the former case there are concepts of ‘visibility’ and ‘invisibility’ at work that do not fit neatly into the paradigmatic assumption of mediated political ‘visibility’ as a pre-condition for public acceptance in a mass culture. To a large degree, it is the ‘invisibility’ or coded visibility of political actors that forms effective strategic elements of visual propaganda. 相似文献
8.
印度独立后对印度支那人民的反法斗争采取中立的"不卷入"政策,但到1954年日内瓦会议前后,印度抛弃"不卷入"政策,以外交斡旋的方式积极介入调停。印度在日内瓦会议上的外交斡旋促进了日内瓦协议的签订。印度对第一次印度支那战争的政策演变是印度对国家利益认知不断提升的结果。 相似文献
9.
《中导条约》是冷战期间美苏达成的一项重要军控条约,是全球战略稳定的支柱之一。2019年8月,美俄相继退约,引发国际社会极大关注。人们担心,条约退场将冲击全球战略稳定,刺激军备竞赛,影响欧亚安全形势,削弱国际军控体系。中国是美国退约重要借口之一,条约作废势必深刻影响中国外部安全环境。《中导条约》从诞生、发展到消亡,有着深刻的国际、国内和个人三个层面的演变动因,归根结底起决定性作用的是国际格局变迁。20世纪80年代,苏美攻守异势促成了《中导条约》的诞生;进入21世纪后,北约对俄的挤压以及中导技术扩散促使俄罗斯抛出条约全球化倡议;近年来,美国霸权地位相对衰落促其选择退约。但美俄两国政治形势变化及领导人更迭也深刻影响了条约的“生、住、变、灭”的时机和方式。戈尔巴乔夫的“新思维”改革与当时高涨的核裁军运动为签署《中导条约》提供了特殊的政治、社会背景。特朗普政府奉行“美国优先”理念,频频废约“退群”,《中导条约》随之沦为牺牲品。在不同历史时期,陆基中导在全球战略稳定中所起的作用不同。在20世纪60年代初,它是美苏中央威慑的支柱。在20世纪70~80年代,它是影响延伸威慑的重要因素。进入21世纪后,它成为俄罗斯对付美国导弹防御的斗争手段。当前,陆基中导在跨域威慑中扮演日益重要的角色。大国中导博弈正卷土重来,但它必将带有与以往不同的诸多新特点。 相似文献
10.
美国推进“星链”军事化发展,使得外空安全和全球战略稳定面临严峻挑战,必须对其潜在风险进行提前研判和评估。较之传统外空装备,“星链”具有多维一体的战场网络覆盖能力、延伸全杀伤链的集成性功能以及面向实战化的信息作战优势,将对全球战略稳定格局带来三大冲击:一是冲击首攻稳定性,“星链”既强化了美国先发制人的战略突袭能力,又弥补了军用太空资产固有的脆弱性,提升了美国太空攻防的整体能力;二是冲击危机稳定性,“星链”会加剧外层空间爆发“意外战争”的风险,同时,针对“星链”的制衡与反制措施可能造成外空危机的快速升级,并由战略领域向常规领域扩散;三是冲击军备竞赛稳定性,“星链”具有攻防一体和军民两用属性,可能加剧军备发展的“安全困境”,引发技术扩散和军备竞赛风险。“星链”技术系统的不透明性和不可预测性,导致有关军备控制的信心建立措施难以施行。应对“星链”军事化发展对于全球战略稳定的挑战,必须吸纳涵盖商业部门在内的多元化安全治理主体,构建核、外空、网络和人工智能等多域联动的安全治理机制,推动面向未来的可持续安全治理。 相似文献
11.
从20世纪初开始,马来亚印度人的民族主义逐渐兴起,一方面表现在印度人希望获得马来亚的公民权,但更多地体现在印度劳工希望殖民统治者给予他们公平、合理的待遇。然而,印度人温和合理的政治诉求遭到殖民当局的拒绝,因此他们采取了更为激进的罢工。罢工的失败促使印度人争取祖国印度独立自由的民族主义情绪的高涨,进而在日据时期掀起了一场较有声势的独立运动。日据时期的马来亚印度人的独立运动是一场无果而终的民族解放运动,也是一场失败的民族主义运动,但这场独立运动具有一定的正义性。 相似文献
12.
《国际相互影响》2012,38(1):106-127
This paper uses an incomplete information game model to describe and explain the so-called blank check issued to Austria by Germany in early July 1914. It asks why Germany would cede control of an important aspect of its foreign policy to another lesser power. The derived explanation is consistent not only with the actual beliefs of German and Austrian leaders but also with an equilibrium prediction of the game model. The issue of whether unconditional German support of Austria constituted either a necessary or a sufficient condition for the outbreak of major power war the next month is also addressed. 相似文献
13.
二战初期,英属马来亚华人就已展开轰轰烈烈的抗日救亡运动,支持中国抗战。英属马来亚印度人则主要通过举行罢工等较为温和的方式,希望英国殖民政府给予他们公平合理的地位和待遇。日据时期,马来亚华人开展富有成效的抗日武装斗争。马来亚印度人则通过与日本人的合作,借助日军的力量,掀起了一场较有声势的独立运动,希望推翻英国人在祖籍国印度的殖民统治。从民族主义和身份认同的角度考察,二战时期马来亚华人与印度人的政治活动既有共同点和相似性,更有明显的不同和差异。 相似文献
14.
二战结束后,菲律宾华侨社会经历了深刻变化。“菲化运动”对华社产生强烈冲击,华侨社会陷入动荡。在菲律宾政府放宽华侨入籍条件后,华侨社会逐步演变为华人社会,其政治认同也发生了转变。这些因素不但对菲律宾华文教育的发展环境产生影响,也使其性质发生了根本性的变化。菲律宾华文教育的发展与华人社会紧密关联,是深入反映华侨华人社会处境的一面镜子。为此,研究战后菲律宾华文教育可为进一步了解菲华社会提供良好视角,同时也可为当前汉语国际传播提供借鉴。 相似文献
15.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(3):391-409
Abstract This article examines the nature of self-censorship practiced by Japanese poets during World War II by an examination of selected poets and poems. The question of self-censorship is especially important for Japanese poets since after the war many of them concealed their wartime verse by censoring controversial lines (in some cases whole poems) from later editions of their poetry. A number of questions are prompted by such attempts at concealment, including what are the criteria by which literature should be evaluated; can patriotic poetry be esteemed on aesthetic and literary grounds and what is the relationship between the author of a work of literature and the work itself? The relationship between ideology and literature is also fundamental to any such examination and this issue is also taken up by this study. The article begins with an examination of general issues and then moves on to investigate the wartime verse of four poets: Miyoshi Tatsuji (1900–64), Tsuboi Shigeji (1897–1975), Kaneko Mitsuharu (1895–1975) and Takahashi Shinkichi (1901–87). 相似文献
16.
既有理性主义战争成因理论认为围绕战争的预期效用计算主导着国家冲突行为的选择。将沉没成本和各类既往互动经历纳入效用计算在上述理论路径下被视为非理性行为。这种理论偏见限制了理性主义战争成因理论的解释力。事实上,对于物质和时间沉没成本的关注导致了国家行为体互动时呈现极端的相对收益敏感。为规避特定一方的相对物质收益或时间优势过度累积而使冲突双方实力失衡,自认为处于损失框架下的国家不时地采取无法被对方所接受的回溯性求偿行为,进而使冲突双方的和解方案交集被极大限缩;加之求偿国与被求偿国判断对方所持决策框架时产生的认知落差,冲突双方的风险承担意愿随之增加,同时双方也高估对方的敌意而低估对方的冲突决心,冲突升级为战争的可能性因而增加。2022年的乌克兰危机和第一次世界大战前的军事动员竞赛可以分别论证两类典型的回溯性求偿行为——围绕物质利益争夺展开的受害者—加害者战略互动和为争夺时间优势而被迫采取的后发先至策略——对国际战争的诱发性影响。 相似文献
17.
William Anthony Hay 《Diplomacy & Statecraft》2002,13(3):57-80
Imperial security and the need to contain Germany drove British policy towards Austria-Hungary during the First World War more than its view of the Dual Monarchy itself, and shifts in the course of that policy reflected the changing fortunes of war. Given its strategic interests, Britain had less scope to sustain Austria as a great power than Paul W. Schroeder has argued. Those priorities also limited the role of specialists like R.W. Seton-Watson and Sir Lewis Namier to advising on the implementation of policies made by the war cabinet rather than shaping decisions themselves. Development of wartime policy towards Austria cast the priority Britain placed on Central and Eastern Europe into sharp relief, helping to explain trends in its approach to the region through the 1940s. 相似文献
18.
M.W. Shores 《Japan Forum》2018,30(3):394-420
AbstractIn April 1936, the magazine Kamigata hanashi (Kamigata Story) was launched in Osaka. This was a rakugo (traditional comic storytelling) magazine published monthly out of a local storyteller's home. One mission of the magazine as laid out by the editor in the inaugural issue was to preserve a local narrative tradition that was losing a popularity battle with manzai (two-person stand-up comedy) and other modern performing arts and media. Interestingly, in the second year of the magazine's run, the editor issued a call for yoshikono, which, like dodoitsu, are songs conventionally written in lines of 7-7-7-5. This too was a tradition that, it was written, needed a champion. Yoshikono submissions increased with each issue until they filled multiple pages, reaching into the hundreds. Prizes were given for the best entries, and public yoshikono gatherings were advertised – singers and shamisen players were even enlisted in what appears to be an attempt to revive a community performance tradition with historic links to storytelling in Osaka. This article shines light on the largely forgotten art of yoshikono, discusses its role in an Osaka rakugo magazine from 1937 to 1940, offers forty verses in translation, and considers why yoshikono was unable to make a comeback after the Second World War. 相似文献
19.
日本二战史观的形成,是由日本独特的政治文化决定的。在政治文化中,起决定作用的是观念形态政治文化——民族心理、宗教信仰和价值观念等因素。正是由于日本独特的民族心理、宗教信仰和价值观念,才造就了日本偏执的历史观和错误的二战史观。要想使日本政治文化朝着有利于反省战争罪责方向发展,就必须对日本政治文化进行改造,其途径是全球化的发展、中国的强大和日本内部的转变。 相似文献
20.
Ruth Deyermond 《European Security》2013,22(4):500-523
Critics of the Obama administration's ‘reset’ with Russia claim that it has failed to improve bilateral relations and has conceded too much to Russia at the expense of American interests. In fact, the reset has delivered significant improvements in key areas and established the institutional basis for continued cooperation in the future, benefiting both states. Although disagreements remain on several important issues including missile defence, humanitarian intervention, and democracy, the reset has been broadly successful on its own terms, which were always limited in scope and based on a pragmatic recognition of the limits of possible cooperation. Future progress is uncertain, however – obstacles include differences of national interest; the complicating effects of relations with third party states and the impact of domestic politics. A continuation of the pragmatic approach underpinning the reset represents the best chance for stability in the US–Russia relationship. 相似文献