Steering the Community Regulatory System: the Challenges Ahead

This article reviews the process of regulatory reform in the European Union (EU). The main argument is that EU initiatives have been cast in a rather narrow conceptual framework, limited to issues such as simplification and better law-making. Although important, these issues are only a component of the wider task of governing regulation. Therefore I introduce and discuss three proposals for re-casting the debate on EU regulation. First, the focus should be shifted from 'better law-making' to 'better regulatory policy-making'. Second, regulatory management, rather than simplification, should represent the strategic objective of EU institutions. Third, regulatory reform should be accompanied by administrative reform. Consequently, the relative impenetrability of the Commission to administrative reform represents a serious obstacle to regulatory reform.     

发展中国家政党体制面临的挑战及未来走势

政党政治在大多数发展中国家实行时间并不长,政党．体制的成熟和完善还需一个较长的过程。当前,由于国际和国内形势的深刻变化,无论采取何种政党体制,发展中国家都不同程度地出现了这样或那样的问题,面临诸多考验。     

国际核不扩散机制的现状、挑战与前景

国际核不扩散机制是国际社会为减少因核武器的横向扩散和纵向扩散带来的核战争风险,促进核能的和平利用和推进核裁军,从政治安排和技术手段两方面对核武器及其技术、材料、设施以及相关的核活动进行管理和控制的组织系统和工作制度。尽管它是冷战时期核大国在军备控制领域相互斗争与妥协的产物,但仍对防止核扩散发挥了积极作用。     

阿兰·加西亚:重执秘鲁牛耳

在前不久刚刚落幕的秘鲁大选中,现年57岁的阿普拉党主席阿兰·加西亚获胜当选总统,并将于7月28日正式就职.他的当选并非一帆风顺.在4月9日第一轮投票中,他获票24.32%,排名第二位.由于所有候选人均未获得半数以上选票,根据规定,由得票最多的前两人再进行一次竞选.最终在6月4日的第二轮投票中,加西亚以超过50%的得票胜出,成为秘鲁新一届总统.     

Utilizing FDI to Stay Ahead: The Case of Singapore

A country of 5 million people in 710?km², Singapore has built itself into an integral part of global markets with living standards that are among the highest in the world. The purpose of this article is to apply a capabilities-based approach to understand how a small, resource-scarce country dependent on global markets has done so well. The core of Singapore??s success has been the continuous updating and expanding of domestic social capabilities to meet the needs of foreign companies. Government policies were hypersensitive to providing conditions for foreign firms to be successful. Foreign firms investing in Singapore by now have helped close the income gap with advanced economies and are on the way to closing the innovation gap. Singapore demonstrates that with deliberate attention to building skills, institutions and infrastructure, it is possible for a small country to upgrade skills and to move up the production-value chain with primary reliance on foreign direct investment (FDI). Cultivation of private Singaporean firms has been secondary but may be the next step needed to sustain progress, both to respond to increased competition from China and others, and to build a knowledge-based economy.     

古共“六大”：承前启后 继往开来

举世瞩目的古巴共产党第六次代表大会于2011年4月16—19日成功举行,这是古共自1997年＂五大＂召开14年之后首次举行代表大会。＂六大＂通过了《党和革命的经济和社会政策的纲要》,这一纲领性文件将在今后5年甚至更长时间里指导古巴实现经济和社会模式的＂更新＂。     

The Challenge of Administrative Internationalization: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead

The study of the processes and effects of internationalization has become a major field of inquiry in the social sciences. This article takes stock of corresponding research efforts in the field of public administration (PA) to understand the internationalization phenomenon by analyzing studies that were systematically sampled from major PA journals over recent decades. After delineating, sampling, categorizing, and subsequently examining the scholarly production of PA regarding what can be understood as the internationalization of domestic PA, three major themes of PA-related debates are identified: diffusion, resistance, and the transformation of bureaucratic power. The article concludes that PA has developed neither genuine research questions nor a coherent theoretical framework able to come to grips with the internationalization challenge. It ends with an appeal for PA to become aware of this deficit and recommends PA scholars liaise more intensively with other social sciences to overcome the current state of affairs.     

社区托管合作制度的探索与实践

未成年人犯罪是一种特殊的犯罪，对于如何既有力打击犯罪，有效预防重复犯罪，又体现对未成年犯罪嫌疑人的特殊保护，苏州市金阊区检察院进行了一项新的探索，推出了社区托管合作制度。本文对该制度的基本框架进行描述，对合法性、创新性以及该制度的现实意义进行论证，旨在为办理未成年犯罪寨件提供一种新的思路。     

论我国未成年犯社区矫正体系的完善

我国的社区矫正制度还处在摸索阶段,未成年犯社区矫正体系还没有建立起来,无论是在矫正主体、矫正项目、矫正方法上还存在重大缺陷。本文从矫正主体、矫正项目、矫正方法三个角度尝试探索完善我国未成年犯社区矫正体系。     

Central Steering And Local Networks: Old-Age Care In Sweden

Recently, some European social scientists have claimed that the old legal-bureau-cratic model of administration has been replaced by a new paradigm in public administration, characterized by a strong emphasis on collaboration in local inter-organizational networks. The proponents of this policy network approach take a clearly voluntaristic view on policy implementation; network actors build consensus in negotiation processes, and the role of central government is restricted to that of goal-setter, facilitator and mediator. Thereby, phenomena like power and steering are overlooked. This paper gives an account of a major Swedish reform in the area of old-age care, whereby the boundaries between regional and local areas of responsibility for care of the elderly were displaced. By using a variety of control methods, central government was able to structure and steer the old-age implementation networks. The consequences of this central steering were different on different administrative levels: for the county councils, the reform has resulted in a specialization for the core areas of primary health care and hospital treatment, whereas the municipalities have had to diversify their areas of activity. Thus, to understand the effects of the reform, implementation networks must be viewed as both hierarchical and horizontal power structures, where national government, from a hierarchically superior position, can affect formally horizontal relations between actors by creating patterns of interdependence. Central government's steering has taken on less direct forms than the traditional ones, but indirect forms of steering can certainly be efficient, especially when several mutually reinforcing control methods are combined.     

Mapping Organizational Change in the State: Challenges and Classifications

The article discusses possible answers to the question of what constitutes different types of change of state organizations. Drawing upon contributions from organization theory and public administration, classifications of different types of births, survivals, and deaths, are discussed and outlined, providing a mapping of organizational change in state administration along the horizontal as well as the vertical dimension. As an illustration, the article also shows how a detailed classification has been used in the Norwegian State Administration Database.     

Mapping Organizational Units in the State: Challenges and Classifications

The article discusses possible answers on three key questions for attempts at mapping the pattern of state organizations:

1. What constitutes a state organization?

2. What constitutes one state organization?

3. What constitutes different types of state organizations?

The main focus is on structural relations within and between organizational units, but the article also draws upon other classifications of units from the academic literature in organization theory and public administration. As an illustration, the article also outlines how these questions have been handled in the development of the Norwegian State Administration Database.     

Regulatory management: Government as a regulated industry

This article looks at the various forms of regulatory management that the US Office of Management and Budget uses to sontrol the national regulatory agenda. Tracing the evaluation of the strong central the national regulatory manangement role, the author looks at the key executive orders on regulatory review and planning and the requirements for a unified regulatory agenda and paperwork control. These four management areas -- review, planning, agenda publication, and paperwork oversight -- put federal agencies in OMB’s oversight web. More accustomed to bring the regulators, the agencies are now a regulated “Industry” themselves.     

Understanding the Regulatory Thicket: Interactions Among State Environmental Regulators and Regulatees

Research exploring state-level regulatory interactions in the U.S. often employs survey methodology to ask front-line actors about their experiences. While these efforts are noteworthy, we argue that it is important to investigate these interactions utilizing a different approach. In this exploratory study, we use randomized vignettes, to which a respondent can react without fear of revealing practices or succumbing to social desirability. Our results are in concert with a growing body of literature that suggests cooperation between the regulator and regulatees is essential for future interactions in order to achieve compliance, yet each party’s perceptions may not be completely congruent.