M地铁站人员疏散特性分析

地铁火灾严重威胁着地铁系统的安全运行,实现火灾状态下人员安全疏散是地铁安全设计中的重要一环,也是满足紧急状态下应急响应的基本要求。本文以M地铁站为实例进行研究,采用人员疏散仿真模拟软件(Path Finder)对地铁站在复杂火灾工况下的疏散特性进行了数值模拟,得出了M地铁站的真实疏散时间(RSET),通过数据分析验证了M地铁站火灾工况下完全具备人员安全疏散的功能特性,即M地铁站站内疏散设施在火灾情况下能够满足人员安全疏散;为示范地点安全疏散方案的优化设计提供指导建议。     

某地下商业区消防安全问题的数值模拟

地下商业区是一类典型的建筑形式,同时具有地上商业建筑和地下建筑的特点,一旦发生火灾,极易造成重大损失,其消防安全性甚为重要.本文选取某典型地下商业区,采用数值模拟的方法对其进行消防性能化验证.5个火灾场景的计算结果表明,防火分区L的疏散宽度不足会导致人员疏散不及时,建议采用镂空吊顶提高该分区的集烟能力,增加可用疏散时间,确保发生火灾时所有人员能够及时安全疏散.     

城市公交车人员疏散数值模拟

公交车由于其人员流动性大、载客量大、属密闭空间且所处交通环境复杂多变,若发生火灾,人员安全疏散相对困难。运用Building Exodus软件对某城市典型公交车发生火灾时进行人员疏散过程模拟,分析疏散出口位置的不同对人员安全疏散的影响。研究结果表明:当车内发生火灾时,在现有疏散情况下,增设车厢后排窗口和接近前排挡风玻璃的窗口,共计面积为6.76m2作为疏散出口,其疏散时间为47.9s和39.8s,节约了13.5s和21.6s。研究结果可为城市公交车人员疏散提供理论依据和相关建议。     

汽车坡道出入口设置防火卷帘门的利弊分析

地下车库汽车坡道的出入口是否需要设置防火卷帘门这一问题,学者们还存在着不同的见解。针对这一问题,本文对地下汽车库进行了火灾危险性分析,指出了地下汽车库坡道出入口设置防火卷帘门的利与弊,并采用FDS软件和Pathfinder软件建立仿真模型,设定具有汽车坡道的防火分区发生火灾时,坡道出入口是否设置防火卷帘门等情况的火灾场景。模拟结果显示,借助汽车坡道更有利于人员的安全疏散。对已在汽车坡道口设置防火卷帘门的,提出了改进方案和加强措施。     

塔式高层建筑火灾应急管理预案研究

本文系统地研究了塔楼高层建筑火灾应急管理系统的建立,包括消防人员派遣,人员疏散,信息平台和组织结构等问题,分析在塔式高层建筑火灾事件下,应急管理预案的设计等。模拟了人员疏散的路径和时间,进而在此基础上,提出了组织机构、信息平台以及平战模式的切换等响应问题,从职责和功能上论述了各个部门在应急管理预案中的任务。本火灾应急管理预案体系将塔式高层建筑的特点与实际工作的逻辑分析相结合,对今后塔式高层建筑的火灾应急管理工作提供重要指导。     

基于FDS的半地下室烟气运动规律研究

地下空间的利用主要集中在地下交通、地下商业、地下车库、地下娱乐场所以及城市防灾设施(如人防工程)等方面。本文针对地下建筑的火灾特点和原因,以某大学图书馆(半)地下室作为研究对象,采用流体动力学软件FDS进行场模拟,设置两个火灾场景,并设置五个测点,来研究不同时间不同区域的温度和能见度的变化过程,对该地下室烟气运动规律进行模拟分析研究。得到结论:采编编目室的可用安全疏散时间(ASET)为131s,各测点的温度在较短的时间内快速震荡上升,达到并超过人体可承受的安全阈值60℃,最终趋于一个较为稳定的值。     

安全疏散研究综述

火灾是当今世界严重威胁人们生命财产的多发性灾害之一。研究建筑结构火灾中人员的安全疏散,解明建筑火灾中人在决定逃生之前的行为规律,逃生过程的行动规律,对于建筑性能化防火设计、建筑防火交全逃生管理与教育具有重要意义。对国内外火灾研究学者关于建筑结构物安全疏散研究的历史沿革与现状进行综合评述,对我国今后开展此项研究的课题做出预测与展望。     

建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为可靠性评价

为尽可能减少建筑物火灾造成的人员伤亡,并体现“以人为本”的发展观,笔者对建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为可靠性进行分析评价.本文建立了建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为可靠性评价的指标体系,应用模糊综合评价的方法建立了建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为可靠性的模型,并讨论了权值的确定方法,并结合某大学图书馆的实例讨论了该方法的应用.     

地下商业建筑火灾特点和防火设计的探讨

我国地下商业建筑与日俱增,一旦发生火灾事故,后果严重.本文分析了地下商业建筑火灾的特点,从防火分区,防排烟、火灾报警与灭火、安全疏散等方面讨论了地下商业建筑的防火设计.     

高校宿舍楼延迟疏散法的模拟研究

疏散拥堵是火灾中导致人员伤亡的重要因素,因此合理有效地解决疏散过程中的拥堵问题对于提高疏散效率,减少人员伤亡具有现实意义.针对此问题引入延迟疏散法,运用buildingEXODUS软件进行模拟研究,重点讨论不同反应时间间隔对疏散时间的影响.通过某高校宿舍楼的模拟研究发现,反应时间间隔为5s时,人群的疏散时间最短,疏散效率最高.当无反应时间间隔时,疏散时间增长20s;随着反应时间间隔增长,疏散时间也不断增长.该结果对疏散预案的制定和优化有一定的借鉴意义.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.