审判视角下的农村未成年人犯罪——以成都市为例的研究

随着城市化发展进程不断深入，传统封闭的农业化社会正逐步被开放的现代化城市社会所代替，出现了城乡贫富差距加大、城市失业人口增多、农村流动人口激增、社会治安形势严峻等问题。以成都市为例，在审判视角下，有针对性地分析农村未成年人的犯罪背景与原因，从而找到预防对策，以杜绝和减少农村未成年人犯罪。     

书讯

由华东政法学院青少年犯罪研究所副所长、副研究员肖建国撰写的《现代化进程中的中国犯罪研究》一书，已由复旦大学出版社出版。现代化进程中世界各国普遍面临着治安动荡、犯罪增多的困境，我国在改革开放、实现现代化进程中，如何有效控制犯罪增长势头，保持社会长治久安，已经尖锐地摆在我们的面前。该书理性地剖析了现代化的本质及与犯罪的关系，较深入探讨了城市化、经济体制与经济发展、科技进步、法制建设等与犯罪的内在联系，同时还对中国现代化进程中的特殊犯罪现象进行研究，在此基础上提出了适合中国国情的犯罪防治战略。为了开阔…     

1999年上半年上海未成年人犯罪情况分析

1999年上半年上海未成年人违法犯罪现象日趋突出，其犯罪人数、犯罪性质均呈上升和严重趋势，仅l－7月本市检察机关未检部门共批捕未成年犯罪嫌疑人499人，与去年同期相比增长15.5％，其中478人向法院提起公诉，同比增长14．6％。其特点为：一、从犯罪主体看，结构出现变化，低龄涉足犯罪，本市籍未成年人犯罪、女性未成年入犯罪增多1．犯罪低龄化趋势明显。在提起公诉的478个未成年人中，14－16周岁的由同期32人增加为42人，同比增长对％。犯罪主要类型是抢劫案，约占70％，其次是强奸和贩毒案。2.本市籍未成年人犯罪增多，共有348名，占未…     

未成年人犯罪刑事政策的心理学审视

我国在未成年人犯罪刑事政策上存在着一体化和独立化两种主张。从心理学的角度可以发现，未成年人犯罪刑事政策应当独立化。其中，未成年人犯罪原因的差异性是其独立化的前提，惩罚负效果的扩大化是其独立化的基础，未成年人心理发展尚未定型是其独立化的关键。我国应倡导对未成年人犯罪的非刑罚化、轻刑化和非监禁化，以促进未成年犯罪人的心理发展。     

未成年人犯罪问题调查与研究——以检察机关为视角

近年来,未成年人犯罪得到有效控制并呈下降趋势。但随着经济社会的发展,未成年人犯罪的特点、问题也随之变化,且更为复杂,未成年人犯罪预防工作仍然严峻。研究未成年人犯罪问题,有益于促进未成年人犯罪预防,保护未成年人合法权益,促进社会和谐稳定发展。保障未成年人犯罪预防各项措施落实到位,实现未成年人犯罪数量稳步下降,对推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化具有战略意义。     

贯彻教育、感化和挽救方针要有新载体新突破

进入21世纪以来，我国未成年人犯罪形势有了新变化，其违法犯罪初犯年龄有所降低，小年龄违法犯罪增多，未成年人涉足较为严重犯罪时有所闻，例如，盗窃所涉及的犯罪数额越来越大，抢劫、强奸等犯罪手段更加疯狂，贩毒案件和团伙作案增加较快等等，未成年人犯罪再次引起社会的震惊和不安。一段时期以来，社会各界在强烈呼吁要加大未成年人犯罪预防力度的同时，有关修改刑法降低刑事责任年龄的起点年龄、对犯罪的未成年人适用更加严厉刑罚等的呼声也再次高涨。     

未成年人犯罪不起诉制度初探

防止未成年人犯罪向刑事化方向发展，由单纯的司法消极预防向积极保护发展，用法律保护未成年人合法权益，预防未成年人违法犯罪，是现代法治国家立法的重要任务。我国防治未成年人违法犯罪的法律制度建设初见起色，但由于未成年人犯罪原因的复杂性和特殊性，新情况和新矛盾不断出现，我国对未成年人犯罪特殊保护制度还存在较大的缺陷，     

2000——2004年江苏省青少年犯罪情况分析

本文以统计数据为依据，深入分析了江苏省2000年至2004年青少年犯罪的动态与趋势，剖析了未成年人犯罪的几个突出问题，科学思考了当前影响未成年人犯罪增多的社会因素，为治理青少年犯罪提供了依据。     

论我国未成年人犯罪预防体系──《预防未成年人犯罪法》简介之二

《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》第二章至第六章，依次规定预防未成年人犯罪的教育，对未成年人不良行为的预防，对未成年人严重不良行为的矫治，未成年人对犯罪的自我防范，对未成年人重新犯罪的预防。这五章根据未成年人犯罪发展过程的阶段性规律及其主客观作用，规定了预防未成年人犯罪的五个方面，形成一个体系，具有我国社会主义特色，总的反映在完整的体系结构之中，更突出反映在预防犯罪的教育与未成年人对犯罪的自我防范这二章中。一、预防犯罪教育是预防未成年人犯罪的基础与前提本法第二章预防未成年人犯罪的教育，这实际上…     

论非刑罚处罚方法在未成年人犯罪中的适用

非刑罚处罚方法在未成年人犯罪中具有天然的优势和重要的理论根据，应当重视非刑罚处罚方法在未成年人犯罪中的适用。当前未成年人犯罪中非刑罚处罚的适用上还存在许多缺陷与问题，应当加以完善和解决。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

Mass homicide and suicide deadliness and outcome

A study of 98 lone, rampage killers in the United States from 1949 to 1999 found that those who were killed by police officers killed and wounded more victims than those who completed suicide who, in turn, killed or wounded more victims than those who were captured. Those rampage killers who completed suicide were less likely to be judged schizophrenic and more likely to be killing present or former co-workers.