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1.
Marina Tzvetkova 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(4):326-351
In this paper I look at the interplay between organised crime, law, and the state and argue that the evolution of organised
crime organisations in Bulgaria was shaped by the dynamic transformation of the legal and economic environment during the
90s, by policies of the state, such as, for example, the regulation of the private security and insurance industries (in 1994
and 1998 respectively), which mafia-like organisations used as fronts for their activities during the 90s and by the ability
of organised crime organisations to adapt to the constantly changing conditions. In the first section of the paper I look
at the emergence of the private security and private protection industries in Bulgaria with an emphasis on the development
of organisations using the threat of violence to settle disputes, discourage competition, retrieve stolen property and collect
debts. In the second section of the paper, I follow the transformation of certain type of private security companies into
insurance companies, which directed their activities at properties liable to risk, for instance cars and small shops. They
enjoyed an advantage over ordinary insurance companies because they possessed greater information about the risks, which could
affect the property of their clients, for example theft (car theft in particular). The concluding section discusses the development
of silovi grupirovki (the Bulgarian name for organised crime organisations) after 1998 when a very strict licensing regime for insurance companies
was introduced and alleged to be mafia-like organisations were removed from the insurance market.
相似文献
Marina TzvetkovaEmail: |
2.
Mika Junninen 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(1):59-69
This article shows how easy and valuable is to interview offenders, when the information of crime or criminals life is needed.
There is no need to use just authorities information that is often very one sided and focused on solving single crime or personality
behind the committed crime. During this study I interviewed 15 persons and one group of 6 persons. The 21 interviewees represented
14 different groups active in the 1990s in Finland and cross-border criminality. The interviewed persons were selected for
equal representation of four different criminal backgrounds. The types of crimes that Finns typically commit across borders
(from abroad to Finland) include: (1) different kinds of smuggling (spirits, tobacco and drugs), (2) trafficking in prostitutes
and organising their work (procuring) in the country. From Finland to foreign countries, Finnish criminals primarily, (3)
handle stolen goods (fencing), (4) money laundering. The persons selected to be interviewed were still committing or had recently
committed these types of crimes. There are only a few empirical studies made on professional criminals. It is amazing how
similar the findings of these are, even though the three studies—British, American and the present—reflect different social
conditions and different decades. On occasion it feels that the place and time of study are irrelevant, as if you are reading
and analysing just one study. From the research point of view it is interesting how such similar findings are possible. None
of the 14 groups that I studied were able to fulfil the 14 variables of organised crime, that I required for a group to be
classified as an organised crime group.
相似文献
Mika JunninenEmail: |
3.
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(3):270-295
Three categories of organised groups that exploit advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) to infringe
legal and regulatory controls: (1) traditional organised criminal groups which make use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial
criminal activities; (2) organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online; and (3) organised groups of ideologically
and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal conduct are described in this article.
The need for law enforcement to have in-depth knowledge of computer forensic principles, guidelines, procedures, tools, and
techniques, as well as anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced with the increased likelihood of digital
content being a source of disputes or forming part of underlying evidence to support or refute a dispute in judicial proceedings.
There is also a need for new strategies of response and further research on analysing organised criminal activities in cyberspace.
相似文献
Kim-Kwang Raymond ChooEmail: |
4.
Richard Rosenfeld 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2006,2(3):309-319
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
相似文献
Richard RosenfeldEmail: |
5.
Allan Castle 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(2):135-156
This article explores the possibility of measuring the impact of law enforcement on organized crime in a reliable and accountable
manner, both in general terms and with a practical focus on the Canadian context. In considering measures to combat organized
crime, a focus on process measurement has obscured the more substantial question of progress as regards the dependent variable
itself: the bottom line of reducing the impact of organized criminal behaviour. While outcome measures are more challenging
to identify than process measures, this fact alone does not minimize the need to demonstrate the connection between organized
crime enforcement and its presumed outcomes to a greater degree of certainty. To date, this has not been realized to any significant
degree, as revealed by a review of existing international approaches to measuring the impact of enforcement activity. The
article argues that a multidisciplinary focus on community level indicators of crime, if initially less accessible than process
measures of impact on organized crime groups, offers promise as a measurement of absolute and relative impact of state investment
in enforcement.
相似文献
Allan CastleEmail: |
6.
Richard Rosenfeld 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(3):287-306
A question that emerges from recent research on the relationship between economic conditions and street crimes committed for
monetary gain concerns the effect of changing economic conditions on violent crime. I propose that the economy stimulates
violent crime indirectly through its effect on acquisitive crime. This hypothesis is evaluated in fixed-effects panel models
of change in acquisitive crime and homicide rates between 1970 and 2006. The analysis indicates that collective perceptions
of economic conditions have a significant effect on an index of acquisitive crime and an indirect effect, through acquisitive
crime, on homicide. Consistent with this result, the effect of collective economic perceptions is stronger for felony than
argument-related homicides. A promising focus for future research is the role of underground markets in the production of
both property and violent crime.
相似文献
Richard RosenfeldEmail: |
7.
New Evidence on the Monetary Value of Saving a High Risk Youth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is growing interest in crime prevention through early youth interventions; yet, the standard United States response
to the crime problem, particularly among juveniles, has been to increase the use and resource allocation allotted toward punishment
and incapacitation and away from prevention and treatment. At the same time, longitudinal studies of delinquency and crime
have repeatedly documented a strong link between past and future behavior and have identified a small subset of offenders
who commit a large share of criminal offenses. These findings suggest that if these offenders can be identified early and
correctly and provided with prevention and treatment resources early in the life course, their criminal activity may be curtailed.
While researchers have studied these offenders in great detail, little attention has been paid to the costs they exert on
society. This paper provides estimates of the cost of crime imposed on society by high risk youth. Our approach follows and
builds upon the early framework and basic methodology developed by Cohen (J Quant Criminol 14: 5–33, 1998), by using new estimates of the costs of individual crimes, ones that are more comprehensive and that significantly increased
the monetary cost per crime. We also use new estimates on the underlying offending rate for high risk juvenile offenders.
We estimate the present value of saving a 14-year-old high risk juvenile from a life of crime to range from $2.6 to $5.3 million.
Similarly, saving a high risk youth at birth would save society between $2.6 and $4.4 million.
相似文献
Mark A. CohenEmail: |
8.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
相似文献
Carole Gibbs (Corresponding author)Email: |
Sally S. SimpsonEmail: |
9.
Hazel Croall 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(1):127-146
Consumers have long been recognized as one of the major groups of victims of white collar and corporate crime, although many
of the activities which harm them are not widely regarded as ‘crime’. They tend to attract less publicity, and have been subject
to less academic research, particularly in comparison with major financial frauds or cases involving mass harms. Moreover,
there has been a tendency to view consumers as a relatively undifferentiated group, all of whom are likely to be victimized.
This article identifies a wide range of crimes which affect consumers and explores some of the characteristics of victims
and offenders, arguing that while all consumers are at risk, the impact of consumer crime, like other forms of crime, reflects
wider patterns of structural inequality and falls most severely on the most disadvantaged.
相似文献
Hazel CroallEmail: |
10.
This study considers the degree to which the crime rates of US cities follow a uniform national trend. A nationwide trend
has consequences for theories that explain aggregate changes in crime, but how closely subnational units hold to a common
time path has received almost no research attention. Using annual panel data, the current study presents analyses that attempt
to measure the correspondence between city-level and national-level crime rates. The results of each analysis are consistent
with a clear single pattern that operates across the nation’s major urban areas. This supports the idea that a meaningful
national trend exists, and it suggests the desirability of continuing efforts to explain it.
相似文献
David McDowallEmail: |
11.
While there is a growing trend to look at criminal justice issues from an international perspective, there has been little literature examining differences in views of crime, criminals, punishment, and treatment between the citizens of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Using data from 524 students at a large university in China and 484 students from a large public university in the USA this study found that, while US respondents were more likely to agree that crime was high in their country, Chinese respondents were more likely to feel that crime was the most serious social problem facing their society. Chinese respondents were more supportive of the death penalty for serious crimes but also were more supportive of rehabilitation of offenders in general. In addition, the study found similarities between students from the two countries in their views. The reasons behind the differences and similarities were explored.
相似文献
Shanhe JiangEmail: Phone: +1-419-5304329 |
12.
Methodological aspects of the Dutch National Threat Assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter Klerks 《Trends in Organized Crime》2007,10(4):91-101
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
相似文献
Peter KlerksEmail: |
13.
A Developmental Approach for Measuring the Severity of Crimes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rajeev Ramchand John M. MacDonald Amelia Haviland Andrew R. Morral 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(2):129-153
There is widespread agreement in criminology that some crimes are more severe than others, but precise definitions of crime
severity and straightforward methods for measuring it have been elusive. Public perceptions of crime severity and economic
estimates of crime costs to society or willingness to pay offer a variety of metrics for the public’s perceptions of severity,
but they may not accurately describe severity as reflected in offender preferences. The behavior of offenders is critical
for understanding developmental progressions in criminal careers, as one may assume that typically more severe offenses are
not undertaken until less severe crimes have been committed. In the present paper we propose an alternative metric of crime
severity, drawing on findings from developmental criminology that indicate that more severe crimes occur after less severe
crimes in the criminal life course, and a method for estimating crime severity that uses the generalized Bradley–Terry model
of multiple paired comparisons. We demonstrate this approach on two samples of youthful offenders: the National Youth Survey
and the RAND Adolescent Outcomes Project. The results suggest that sample-specific estimates of crime severity can be derived,
that these estimates provide insight into the developmental progression of crime, and that they correspond well to crime severity
rankings produced by the public.
相似文献
John M. MacDonaldEmail: |
14.
This paper provides a preliminary overview of research on organized crime in Asia drawing on selected papers from a symposium
held at the National University of Singapore in June 2007. We draw on these contributions to emphasize the enterprise nature
of organized crime and the common problems encountered by law enforcement in controlling and preventing the many harms inflicted
by serious criminal activity. Recent attempts to address the changing character and forms of transnational organized crime,
especially through the strengthening of mutual legal assistance by regional bodies such as ASEAN, are noted. These measures
have yet to develop into the cross-border institutional frameworks now found in Europe, and the level of effective co-operation
can only continue to improve. Countering organized crime in Asia also faces additional difficulties arising from the cultural
diversity, relative weakness of law enforcement in some states and the lack of common strategies in respect to illicit markets.
相似文献
Roderic BroadhurstEmail: |
15.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
Yue Zhuo (Corresponding author)Email: |
Steven F. MessnerEmail: |
Lening ZhangEmail: |
16.
Recent research has demonstrated that burglary clusters in space and time, resulting in temporal changes in crime hotspot
patterns. Offender foraging behavior would yield the observed pattern. The offender as forager hypothesis is tested by analyzing
patterns in two types of acquisitive crime, burglary and theft from motor vehicle (TFMV). Using a technique developed to detect
disease contagion confirms that both crime types cluster in space and time as predicted, but that the space–time clustering
of burglary is generally independent of that for TFMV. Police detections indicate that crimes of the same type occurring closest
to each other in space and time are those most likely to be cleared to the same offender(s), as predicted. The implications
of the findings for crime forecasting and crime linkage are discussed.
相似文献
Shane D. JohnsonEmail: |
17.
Peter Alan Sproat 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2007,47(3):169-184
This paper describes the UK’s anti-money laundering and asset recovery laws and the aims and objectives behind the regime
since the introduction of the Proceeds of Crime Act in 2002. It then evaluates the regime in terms of the amount of criminal
assets recovered, its application against organised crime and its impact upon the price of illegal drugs.
相似文献
Peter Alan SproatEmail: |
18.
This paper examines the structure and modus operandi of South Asian criminal organisations operating in the UK. It is based
on empirical research conducted between 2005 and 2006 among prisoners sentenced for drug offences, a number of drug distributors
operating in the market, and observers with a knowledge of the drugs business working for the police force or for rehabilitation
services. First, the paper offers an overview of the debate on organised crime, and after a methodological note, the research
findings are utilised to propose a typology. Hypotheses are formulated around the illicit drug enterprises involved in British
markets. Finally, the implications for law enforcement with respect to these enterprises are discussed.
相似文献
Vincenzo RuggieroEmail: |
19.
Organized crime is often conceptualized as a business enterprise formed by actors motivated by profits. The Balkans represents
an ideal case for testing the extent to which assumptions about the image of actors involved in illegal arms trading can be
extrapolated to the macro-level of analysis. Focusing mainly on public discourse, this paper points to several thematic categories
of illicit arms trafficking: i) profit-oriented arms trafficking involving organized crime groups ii) trafficking of arms
for the purpose of arming criminal-terrorist formations and iii) state-sponsored illegal arms trafficking. Although economic
incentives appear strong in many cases, other cultural, social and political issues also frame the illicit arms market in
the region. We argue that both understanding and policing organized crime should also embrace the non-economic nature of this
type of criminal behavior.
相似文献
Panos A. KostakosEmail: |
20.
Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate share of total crime. Policy makers have been seeking to
reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro- and micro-level
research have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of these kinds of selective policies. The current study uses data
from the Netherlands Criminal Career and Life-course Study to estimate the incapacitative effects of alternative selective
prison policies. Using the rolling cohorts method, implementations of various penal scenarios differing in selection rate,
sentence disparity and selective accuracy are simulated. Results show that it is hard for selective policies to yield a positive
societal result: costs of imprisonment typically exceed benefits gained from crimes prevented.
相似文献
Arjan A. J. BloklandEmail: |