深圳市“11．19”重大火灾事故的法医学鉴定

火灾事故的法医学鉴定是司法鉴定实践中的一个重要课题。１９９３年１１月１９日深圳致丽玩具厂发生重大火灾事故，烧死８７人，烧伤５１人。本文对事故中受难者的死亡原因及个人识方法别进行了分析。并对处理类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

深圳市道路交通事故死亡案例特点分析

目的探讨道路交通事故死亡案例特点,为预防事故的发生提供可靠信息和参考数据。方法按照死者性别、年龄、死亡原因、事故发生时间及地点、事故车辆类型等相关参数,对深圳市4184例道路交通事故死亡案例进行回顾性分析。结果事故死亡人员以男性为主,男女比例为2.45∶1;事故在6：00～8：00和18：00～2：00发生最多;72%的案例在城郊主干道发生;死者主要交通行为方式分别为步行占44%,自行车骑车人19%,摩托车驾车人15%;肇事车辆以货车为主;死亡原因83.2%为颅脑损伤死亡,13.3%为多发损伤。结论深圳地区道路交通事故死亡案件具有明显特点,具有可防范性。     

何时警醒

2008年9月20日22时51分．深圳龙岗区舞王俱乐部发生一起特大火灾事故，经及时扑救大火已被扑灭．截止21日上午11时，死亡43人、住院治疗59人、留院观察6人：初步分析．事故原因为在歌舞厅中演出时燃放焰火引发火灾.     

从“走路死”看失控的地下安全

伴随着多起地陷事故，“走路死”悄然成为又一个新的网络热词。5月20日，广东省深圳市龙岗区突然发生路面塌陷事故，多人坠入其中，最终导致5人死亡，并引发舆论的广泛关注。而就在一个多月之前，同属深圳的福田区也曾发生地陷事故，一名保安坠入并不治身亡。     

三门县“ 2·9”重大沉船事故的法医学鉴定

本文对1996年2月9日浙江省某县3号客轮发生重大的沉船事故中遇难者的死亡原因及个人识别方法和尸体漂浮及尸体漂浮距离进行了分析。并对类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

600起重、特大交通事故死亡的法医学分析

本文通过６００起重、特大交通事故中死亡６７２人的检验解剖资料，分析了道路交通事故的一般情况、交通事故与致死的关系、不同类型车辆与致伤方式与损伤部位，以及损伤部位、死亡原因与死亡时间之间的关系。在此基础上，讨论了机动车与自行车相碰、车辆碰行人事故的原因、成伤机理。同时也分析讨论了交通事故的死亡原因和死亡时间的问题。     

三门县“2·9”重大沉船事故的法医学鉴定

本文对1996年2月9日浙江省某县3号客轮发生重大的沉船事故中遇难者的死亡原因及个人识别方法和尸体漂浮及尸体漂浮距离进行了分析。并对类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

化解死亡赔偿金引发的纷争——避免亡者家属的二次受害

每年全国有很多人非正常死亡,据国家统计局公布的数据,2012年因交通事故死亡的人数为59997人,2011年因交通事故死亡的人数为62387人。除交通事故外,还有很多因安全事故、火灾等死亡的人。如果不是因死者自身原因死亡,随之而来的是因事故死亡赔偿义务人对受害人近亲属的各项赔偿,当然包括死亡赔偿金。受多种因素影响,逝者已矣,生者面对死亡赔偿金的纷争却硝烟弥漫。     

2011-2014年全国煤矿重特大事故统计分析与启示

为研究我国近年煤矿重特大事故一般性规律,以2011-2014年煤矿重特大事故数据为分析对象,采用数理统计法对事故的发生年份、类型、季度、区域四个维度进行交叉分析研究。分析表明:2011-2014年煤矿重特大事故逐年减少,其中瓦斯事故发生频率最高;全年中第二季度事故发生频率较高但平均死亡人数最低,第四季度平均死亡人数最高;贵州、黑龙江、吉林为重特大事故多发省份。并在此基础上分析了事故发生的原因、预防对策,对提高煤矿安全生产具有现实意义。     

水氡致人死亡事故的鱼刺图与事故树分析

水氡具有危害性大、潜伏期长、隐蔽性高等特点。为了减少水氡伤害事故的发生,采用鱼刺图与事故树相结合的方法,对水氡致人死亡事故进行了系统分析。首先利用鱼刺图分析出水氡致人死亡事故的主要原因,包括:水氡接触人群、供水源、管理者和环境4个因素。然后将"水氡致人死亡"作为顶上事件编制事故树,分析得到11个底事件,对底事件的结构重要度进行了计算和排序,得到了18个最小割集;在此基础上构建了成功树,分析得到6个最小径集。最后,根据分析结果提出了相应的安全对策措施。     

Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and "low" levels of carboxyhemoglobin; report of fatalities and discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms of death

Levels of carboxyhemoglobin that would ordinarily cause little or no noticeable symptoms or other effects proved fatal in individuals suffering from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. All such deaths that occurred in the Cuyahoga County during a period of 23 years were studied. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that may be operative in these deaths are discussed. The importance of being aware of this fact, while one determines the cause and manner of such deaths, is stressed.     

Constitutional challenge to "medical inadmissibility" provisions in the Immigration Act

In a case with significant implications for people living with HIV/AIDS who wish to immigrate to Canada, in January 2002 a woman with multiple sclerosis launched a constitutional challenge to the "medical inadmissibility" provisions in the Immigration Act. The provisions state that any would-be immigrant may be denied permission to immigrate "if their admission would cause or might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demands on health or social services."     

论科学证据的采信——以“认知”与“评价”为视角的观察与反思

科学证据采信的疑难在于认知因素与评价因素的综合影响。通过对科学证据特有的＂认知—评价＂结构分析和比较科学证据采信中的＂认知＂因素与＂评价＂因素,科学证据采信疑难的症结在于,科学认知与经验认知、专家评价与裁判者评价、认知与评价之间的差异所导致的不同思维方法、评价标准之间的张力。对裁判者采信科学证据特有的＂认知过程与评价过程＂进行分析,澄清理论上的疑惑和为裁判者采信科学证据提供清晰的思路。对科学证据采信的主体要素、标准要素和程序要素进行检讨和反思,构建我国科学证据采信机制。     

The application of "CrimeLite" to examination of computer components "in situ".

The authors consider the problem of identifying potential fingerprints and other marks in a computer system, having regard for the damage which conventional print enhancement techniques may cause. They evaluate a non-invasive method of mark location and recommend a new procedure for the handling of digital evidence sources which may contain "conventional" evidence.     

The use of the term "obesity" in deaths reported to coroners in Australia

There is growing government awareness of the increasing incidence of obesity in the Australian community and its potential impact on health policy issues. This column considers the appropriateness of the WHO definition of the term "obesity" and analyses its use by Australian forensic pathologists and coroners as a cause of death in "medical cause of death" statements. While families may have concerns about the use of this term in reference to a deceased family member, the use of "obesity" in medical cause of death statements could have considerable influence on coroners' recommendations with regard to health policy in this area.     

Self-made "electric chair" for sexually motivated child abuse of children

A 52-year-old man had altered a wooden folding chair by placing two electrodes and a circuit underneath the seat. Using a remote control, he was able to give electric shocks to a person sitting on the chair. He used this device on more than 50 children, video-taping their reactions for his own pleasure. There are no reports that any of the children suffered a lasting damage to their health. The construction as well as the function and the electrical parameters of the chair were examined by forensic specialists. According to their expertise, the construction was not able to cause a potentially life-threatening condition when used with healthy children. The perpetrator was convicted for bodily harm etc.     

"Natural" death of a person under the care of a custodian

An ambulance service doctor was called to the death of a 76-year-old woman and attested cardiac arrest and psycho-organic brain syndrome as the cause of death on the death certificate. At the second external examination mandatory before cremation, extensive hematomas were detected on the right thorax and multiple haematomas in the face and on the forehead. The autopsy initially ordered by the public health officer revealed serial rib fractures and a fractured skull. After notifying the prosecutor, a forensic autopsy was ordered and death was found to have been caused by fat embolism following massive blunt force to the thorax with serial rib fractures and haematopneumothorax. After that, the adopted son, who had been appointed care custodian for the woman, and his wife were suspected, because they had given contradictory explanations for the injuries. At first, they were only suspected of failure to render assistance, but in the end they were both charged with murder. Only because of the second external examination prescribed by the law still in force could the errors of the improper first external examination be corrected.     

Use of "therapeutic complication" as a manner of death

Analyses of deaths due to therapeutic complications (TCs) provide important quality of care information for medical providers. In New York City, 463 deaths were investigated by the Office of Chief Medical Examiner and certified with TC as the manner of death in 2003. The TC manner of death is used for fatalities due to predictable complications of appropriate medical therapy. All death certificates and select autopsy, hospital, and investigation reports were reviewed. Data concerning cause of death, contributing conditions, age, race, and sex were extracted. The types of complications and the causes of death were classified into various types of surgical and nonsurgical categories of complications. These included: postoperative infections, pulmonary emboli, and technical and medication complications. The use of TC as a manner of death has benefits and limitations. Without the TC option, one is forced to certify certain deaths (e.g., penicillin anaphylaxis) either as natural or accident. The TC option allows easy identification and tracking of medical complications for public health purposes and also allows more consistent reporting of natural and medical-accidental deaths. In general, complications that occur during emergency surgeries/procedures for natural disease, tend to be certified with a natural manner. The "but for" test may be used to distinguish natural from TC deaths. There are criteria for distinguishing TC from accidents and homicides. TCs that occur during treatment of a potentially life-threatening injury, are superseded by the manner dictated by the circumstances of the initiating injury. The certification of TC usually does not address errors of omission, clinical judgement/management, or missed diagnoses.     

Vaginal "fisting" as a cause of death

We describe the death of a young girl that resulted from the insertion of a clenched hand and forearm into her vagina during heterosexual activity. (The male homosexual practice of rectal fist insertion has been described previously.) We believe this death to be the first reported case of a "fisting" death due to vaginal fist insertion during heterosexual activity. This death is reported to alert forensic pathologists, medicolegal death investigators, and coroners aware of the role of aberrant sexual activity and its potential to cause death.