中国经济法的经济根基——从《十一五规划》谈起

以《十一五规划》为切入点,可以看出,中国经济法经济根基的基本现实是社会主义市场经济不完善且正在探索建设好的市场经济;而现有经济法理论却一直以“市场失灵”为经济法的根基,这就导致了种种理论局限甚至消极影响。将“市场失灵”概念中国化,使之涵盖“市场不完善”的含义,从而使中国经济法的经济根基理论本土化,这不仅必要,而且可行。中国化的“市场失灵”概念既具有一般的方法论意义,也可能克服原有的理论局限。     

民法典时代的经济法体系构造——兼论《经济法通则》的结构

我国民法典的制定历时60余载,期间几经起落沉浮,可以说是我国社会主义法治建设历程的“标本”。随着民法典的定型,我国社会主义市场经济体系将进入国家治理的法典化时代。与此同时,与民事立法齐头并进的经济法也面临着对既有单行法体系化整合的任务,以解决“经济法是个筐,什么法都能装”的窘境。从经济体制改革以来民法与经济法立法的演进轨迹看,民法的法典化之所以相对容易,是因为民法具有明显的法律移植属性,并存在可资借鉴的大陆法系成文民法典,而经济法的法典化纯粹是首创,其难度可想而知。民法典之后,与社会主义市场经济密切相关的其他重要法律部门的法典化,是完善中国特色社会主义法治体系的必由之路。对经济法而言,如果短时间内难以成典,则可以采用逐步推进的方法,首要任务是从理论上完善经济法的体系结构,增强经济法体系结构的科学化、体系化和逻辑自洽性,使经济法立法与民事立法等相互衔接、相互协调,进一步完善我国的法治体系。     

论“和”文化语境下的国际法治建设

国际秩序建立在国际法律制度基础之上,新格局之下的国际政治经济秩序需要相应的良法善治。以西方宗教文化为精神内核的当代国际法,面对人类当下存在的公共问题,已经难以做出有效应对。构建人类命运共同体之理念正是充分吸取了中国传统“和”文化的有益成分,对现存国际法治基础理论给予了补充和创新,对人类未来国际法治建设给予指导,因为“和”文化完全不同于西方“利”文化,更有助于实现不同文化、文明的和解和共荣。     

习近平法治思想中的刑事法要义

有关刑事法治的丰富论述是习近平法治思想的重要组成部分,可以将习近平法治思想中的刑事法要义概括为“宽严相济,以发展眼光看问题”的刑事政策论、“完善对违法犯罪行为的惩治和矫正法律”的刑事立法论、“守住防范冤错案件的底线”的刑事司法论、“综合施策、标本兼治”的犯罪治理论。习近平法治思想中的刑事法要义在吸收国际社会刑事法治文明成果的同时,较为集中地体现了对中华法治文明的传承与弘扬。刑事法治建设与刑事法研究必须以习近平刑事法治思想为根本遵循,深刻领悟和把握习近平刑事法治思想的博大精深,避免做西方刑事法治经验与理论的“搬运工”。     

论分权、法治的宏观调控

对“宏观调控”概念的界定,决定了宏观调控法制建构的差异。宏观调控应当遵循“分权”和“法治”的基本原则。中央政府宏观调控部门之间的分权制衡和协调、中央政府与地方政府之间调控权的合理划分,是有效分权的基本条件。宏观调控必须法治化,但是通过具体立法“固定规则”是不可行的,关键是对宏观调控主体适当赋权,由其根据形势和调控目标“相机抉择”或自由裁量,并将其纳入问责体系,凡宏观调控决策或行为超出合理专业判断造成不良后果的,行为人就应在民主和法治的框架内承担相应的责任。     

On the Macro Positioning Regarding Anti-Monopoly Considerations Relating to Internet Platform—An Analysis Based on Politics,Policies and Laws

The positioning of anti-monopoly law depends on its unique value, goal and function. From the beginning, anti-monopoly law has had a great political and economic mission, and can become a “super law” with a grand value goal and a powerful function in economic adjustment. The uniqueness of the Internet, in capital, technology and business models, easily allows Internet platforms to grow anarchically, and to have a high correlation with anti-monopoly concerns. Internet anti-monopoly policy should first expand its thinking and elevate its stance in macro value, and seek appropriate legal and economic technical paths. China’s Internet platform anti-monopoly policy cannot simply follow today’s international and superficial trend, which does not contribute to positive experience and may conceal various interests. Instead, China’s Internet platform anti-monopoly policy should actively follow, respect and serve the substantial development interests of China’s digital economy, operating in a timely fashion and at the right location, in ways that are opportune, moderate and modest. It should always be committed to the innovation and development of China’s Internet industry and to international competitiveness. Internet anti-monopoly policy should adhere to the rule of law, build a corresponding rule system, ensure objectivity, neutrality and rationality, and prevent irrationality and over-excitement.     

A Study on the Belt and Road Digital Economy Prospects and Pathway to the Rule of Law

Digital economy empowers the further pursuit and materialization of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It has social efficacy and is governance-oriented in the process of economic globalization, but also has multi-faceted predicaments of governance as well as obstacles to the rule of law. Therefore, the BRI digital economy governance should mediate four relationships at the macro level, and implement the rule of law from three dimensions with the purpose of contributing to constructing global digital governance system.     

On Two Distinct and Opposing Versions of Natural Law: “Exclusive” versus “Inclusive”

Abstract. This paper takes the dichotomy between “exclusive” and “inclusive” positivism and applies it by analogy to natural‐law theories. With John Finnis, and with Beyleved and Brownsword, we have examples of “exclusive natural‐law theory,” on which approach the law is valid only if its content satisfies a normative monological moral theory. The discourse theories of Alexy and Habermas are seen instead as “inclusive natural‐law theories,” in which the positive law is a constitutive moment in that it identifies moral rules and specifies their meaning. The article argues that inclusive theories of natural law are better suited to expressing an authentic “republican” attitude. *

相似文献   

Wrestling with the New Economy: Judicial Rhetoric in Canadian Wrongful Dismissal Claims

Contemporary Law and Society scholars emphasize focused study of “law and the economy” yet empirical work on the legal implications of important economic transformations of the late twentieth century is limited. To address this issue, I analyze Canadian wrongful dismissal claims heard to judgment between 1981 and 1997 to understand how judges grappled with contradictions that arose between classic legal doctrine on the employment relationship, unstable economic conditions that limited employment opportunities for plaintiffs, and new business ideologies about employee expendability and flexibility. Findings demonstrate that judicial rhetoric was attentive to the contradictions that arose with the new economy, and unique responses were developed. These responses, however, varied according to specific socioeconomic contexts embedded within the seventeen-year period under study. I conclude by suggesting the development of more dynamic theories of law and the economy to capture the ways in which law shifts in response to changing economic contexts.     

乡村基层执法的空间制约与机制再造

中国的基层执法深受政治体制和社会生态的影响和塑造,“治理空间”可以同时容纳这两种因素,是理解中国基层执法的新视角。乡村治理空间为基层执法提供具体场景,其“拥挤社会”特性和“权力分散”特性,严重制约着基层执法能力。空间区域化机制通过建立综合治理(执法)体系,实现了执法机构的统合和区域化;通过将村级组织、村干部、网格员等纳入执法体系,实现了执法空间的分界和局部化;通过对时间和资源进行情境化配置,实现了时空分区。区域化机制重构着乡村治理空间,回应了基层执法权薄弱和执法能力不足的问题,通过再造基层执法,提高了基层执法效度。     

论罗马法复兴对近代西方法治理念的奠定

罗马法的复兴运动打破了西方中世纪法律思想的沉寂 ,使神学垄断下的欧洲再一次激起了对古典法律及其观念的探索 ,为西方近代法治思想的孕育奠定了基础。     

The Institutional Determinants of International Female Crime

In this article the author estimates the relative influences of the four broad social institutions of education, politics, family, and economy, plus the process of modernization upon proportionate female crime by using international data for 1974 derived from Interpol statistics. Each of the institutions is operationalized into three empirical indices, as is modernization, using data from the Handbook of International Data on Women. Then these 15 independent variables are intercorrelated with 7 specific categories of female offenses plus total female crime, each rendered in proportionate form as a ratio of female crime to all crime detected by the police in each category. The correlational analysis is constructed so as to constitute a test of three competing theories of female crime: the violence-prone “new female criminal,” the theory of economic need, and economc opportunity theory. The data provide only weak support for the theory of the “new female criminal,” but considerably stronger support for both the economic need and economic opportunity theories. It is not possible to choose unambiguously between the need and opportunity theories with the evidence at hand.     

犯罪着手的教义学重述:学说对决、命题重证与具体解答

形式客观说并未丢弃实质,故其本为形式与实质相结合说。是否立足于构成要件行为是法益侵害紧迫危险性的刑法定型,决定了形式客观说和实质客观说各自是否为犯罪着手认定提供了明确标准,且是否导致犯罪着手认定的过于提前或推迟,进而决定了是否背离罪刑法定原则。犯罪着手的认定标准,应抛弃脱离形式限制的实质客观说而仍坚持形式客观说,但其“开始命题”应通过“基于大数法则的类型化危险形成说”而将犯罪着手的认定标准予以实质性落实。通过“基于大数法则的类型化危险形成说”,形式客观说对结合犯、隔离犯、徐行犯和原因自由行为型犯罪的着手能够做出妥当解答。     

应急时期司法政策的现实运用及风险规控

在国家处于应急时期时,最高人民法院单独或联合出台司法政策已成为非常态社会治理的重要方式。应急时期的司法政策具有出台快速性、效力临时性、目的明确性、主体联动性和运行政治性特点,并通过“作为裁判依据”和“作为裁判背景”的方式化解社会矛盾、维护社会稳定。鉴于司法政策本身的定位不清,其对秩序的追求和紧急权行使与基本法治原则相抵牾,以及“成本—收益”理论阐释该时期政策与法律选择的非自主性,应急时期的司法政策在实现法治价值的同时也极易被不当运用,如直接将行政政策转化为司法政策,为达成维稳目标致使司法政策“运动式”运行,政策的“短期化”削弱司法公信力,以及笼统地将司法政策用作裁判依据等。针对可能风险,我们应基于法律与社会的“诉求—回应”关系,厘清特殊时期司法政策与公共政策的区别,结合教义学体系明确司法政策运用的具体要求,借助案例指引作用阐释司法政策蕴含的裁判规则,以及通过法律论证增强援引秩序价值说理的可接受性。     

Rules as Icons: Wittgenstein's Paradox and the Law

In this paper Section 1 distinguishes between two modes of interpreting legal rules: rehearsal and discourse, arguing that the former takes priority over the latter in law, as in many other contexts. Section 2 offers two arguments that following a legal rule in the rehearsing mode presents a riddle. The first argument develops from law, and submits that legal rules do not tell us anything, because they are tautological. The second one develops from philosophy (Wittgenstein's later works), confronting us with the paradox that incompatible courses of action may be derived from any rule. My solution presents a theory of rules as icons (Section 3 ). I use “icon” rather than “picture,” partly to avoid confusion with what is known among philosophers as “the picture theory of meaning.” Interpretation in the rehearsing mode hinges on imagination: imagining oneself in the space of reasons for action rather than reasoning oneself. In this act of imagination, we project ourselves into the rule in ways that are similar to the way we grasp the sense of paintings, music, stories, or poems. Finally (Section 4 ) I will defend the position that my view solves the puzzles in the second section, by arguing (a) that it is a better account of what Wittgenstein wrote than two competing theories (intuitionism and conventionalism), and (b) that it provides a more satisfactory account of how lawyers deal with legal rules in actual practice.     

意思自治原则的成长与法治社会

意思自治原则的内核是主体的平等自由,理性主义和权利本位观、商品经济孕育了意思自治原则的精神。该原则的成长与法治社会有着深刻的内在关税。在现代法治社会中,意思自治原则的内涵有了新的发展,保障人权,实现经济民主成为其应有的以向。意思自治原则与我国社会主义市场经济体制的契合,必将加快我国的法治化进程。     

论比例原则在经济法中的适用

被誉为“公法皇冠”的比例原则在经济法中的适用具有可行性和必要性。比例原则的“相对普适性”为其在经济法中的适用提供了法理基础,引入比例原则不仅可以回应经济法现代性的内在诉求,还是贯彻经济法理念和基本原则的必然要求。比例原则在经济法中的适用范围涵盖“权力—权利”和“权利—权利”二元法律关系结构,但是,特殊紧急状态和合意行为应排除比例原则的适用。囿于比例原则的抽象性,有必要构建其在经济法中的类型化适用路径:以法律关系结构为划分依据,通过“目的正当性—适当性—必要性—均衡性”的差异化认定标准,塑造“宽松”和“相对严格”的审查基准模型。     

转轨经济法学:西方范式与中国现实之抉择

当下中国经济法学的逻辑假设建立在西方经济法范式的基础之上,无法与中国现实达成和谐。提出“转轨经济法学”的概念可以使中国的经济法学研究回归到转轨中国的社会现实中来,解决改革现实中的真问题,自觉区别于西方范式,消解中国经济法学严重的正当性危机。转轨经济法的历史使命不是要通过政府来弥补市场缺陷而是要培育市场;转轨经济法的核心任务是反行政干预而不是反垄断;转轨经济法的基本功能是控权而不是授权;转轨经济法应以公平为第一价值取向。     

“需要国家干预说”的法哲学分析

“需要国家干预说”是 20世纪中国经济法学最重要的学说之一。有限理性假设、国家适度干预、经济民主、社会公平、经济法治是其基本的法哲学叙事立场。国家是干预需要的满足者,“需要”是通过干预重建经济自由秩序的法律理由。国家超越市场利益关系对经济进行干预调节,国家干预由此构成经济法的基本哲学范畴与法理标志。经济宪政哲学是国家干预经济的法哲学进路,通过经济民主机制设定的干预才能避免经济专制,国家与社会成员共同分享经济权力才能保障干预的社会性与民主性,干预的达成并非一定为了公共,公共中的个体主义是结成公共的价值指引。     

理论的解释力来自哪里:中国经济法学研究的反思

经济法学的科学性、实践性以及在此基础上所形成的学科地位,从根本上讲都取决于其理论的解释力,但是,目前研究现状中,研究范式的混乱、理论框架不清晰、缺乏构建理论体系的方法与工具以及理论方法与技术的分离这四个因素削弱了经济法理论的解释力。中国经济法学提高理论解释力的基本路径在于:在吸收各范式优点的基础上,对经济法研究范式和理论进行多元整合,建立一种能够整合各种研究范式和理论流派优势的多元统一理论。在这个路径下,经济法学应当进一步厘清理论框架,引入科学主义的方法论,将科学方法与人文的方法结合起来,吸纳理性选择理论所包含的分析方法与工具,实现理论与技术的统一。