现行行政审判方式的弊端及其改革要点

一、现行行政审判方式的弊端行政审判的中心内容是对具体行政行为是否合法进行审查。由于现行行政审判方式存在多种弊端,它已不适应行政审判的要求。脱胎于传统民事审判方式的现行行政审判方式,继承了传统民事审判方式的种种弊端,集中在一点,就是诉讼中原告、被告、     

论审判委员会的职能

审判委员会的职能是讨论重大、疑难、复杂案件的法律适用问题,总结审判经验,对审判工作带有根本性问题、全局性问题进行研究和做出权威性指导。但是现行的审判委员会制度存在严重的弊端,在实际运行中出现许多问题,本文提出了一些改革现行审判委员会制度的具体措施。     

浅论审判委员会工作机制的改革与完善

随着审判长选任工作的逐步落实到位，随着合议庭职责的健全，对现行审判委员会工作机制进行改革的呼声越来越高。是废除现行制度重新设立一个制度，还是完善现行制度的工作机制？笔者认为，问题的关键并不在于一项制度的存废，而应着眼于审判委员会现行工作机制的改革与完善。现行审判委员会制度存在的问题　　作为法院内设的最高审判组织的审判委员会，自设立至今，在抵御司法干预、保障司法独立、把好案件质量关及统一司法尺度等方面一直发挥着重要的作用。但随着审判方式改革的深化、合议庭作用的有效发挥，现行的审判委员会工作机制的弊…     

人民法院现行审判体制的改革走向

人民法院现行审判体制的改革走向毕凤有一、现行审判工作运作体制的弊端（１）合议庭、独任审判员对案件有权审理而无权裁决。合议庭、独任审判员是代表人民法院行使审判权的审判组织，其不但有对案件进行审理，而只有权就案件如何进行处理作出判决、裁定或决定。但在审判...     

改革我国审判委员会制度的设想

审判委员会制度是我国诉讼法的基本制度之一,是立法规定的,受法律保护的一项制度.但现今,随着审判方式的改革等原因,现行的审判委员会制度弊端日益明显.本文通过阐述我国现行法律体系中的审判委员会制度,结合有关学者的观念提出对审判委员会制度改革的构想,以期解决该制度现存的问题.     

案件质量评估与审判绩效考核衔接机制研究——以重庆法院实践为样本

经过多年探索实践,案件质量评估已经融合到审判绩效考核之中,成为法院管理的重要手段。但是,二者简单融合的现行模式,难以避免唯数据论的现象,有违案件质量评估与审判绩效考核的初衷,偏离了管理目标。应当加强对案件质量评估与审判绩效考核的基础理论研究,深刻反思现行模式的弊端,从对二者进行科学功能定位、合理设置审判绩效考核指标体系、完善审判绩效考核评价体系、强化案件质量评估与审判绩效考核数据管理开发等方面,构建二者的有机衔接机制,提升法院管理水平,共同促进司法公正和权威。     

刑事案件审判方式改革工作方略

最高人民法院院长任建新在第十六次全国法院工作会议工作报告中指出:“进行审判方式等方面的改革,已成为法院自身改革的一个重要课题.”进行刑事案件审判方式的改革,是法院自身改革的一个重要方面,并且在社会主义民主法制建设中具有举足轻重的地位.本文试就刑事案件审判方式的现状及改革的必要性、刑事案件审判方式改革的运作程序、以及改革刑事案件审判方式需要注意的几个问题浅谈管见,以求商榷.刑事案件审判方式的现状及改革的必要性我国现行的刑事审判方式以大陆法系职权主义诉讼结构为基本特征,属“纠问式”审判方式.其依据是现行的刑事诉讼法.无可否认大陆法系职权主义有其固     

现行审判组织改革的思考

本文简要的介绍了有关审判组织的现状,在此基础上提出了构建现行审判组织的相关见解。     

论人民法院审判委员会制度的改革

随着人民法院审判方式改革的日益深化,审判委员会制度的改革已成为诉讼法学界探讨的一个热点问题.本文分析了现行审判委员会制度的主要缺陷,对审判委员会制度的存废之争提出了自己的看法,并阐述了改革审判委员会制度的具体设想.     

论审判委员会制度的改革

审判委员会的设置是我国审判权行使中的一大特色,从建国初期到现在,审判委员会充分发挥了集体领导的作用,在避免错案的发生、提高办案质量等方面确实起到了十分积极的作用。然而,随着我国审判方式改革的深化、现行的审判委员会制度已日益不适应公开、     

论一般预防的正当性──兼与否定论者商榷

从将人作为目的的命题中不能推论出将一般预防作为刑罚目的必然将人仅仅作为实现社会目的的手段,因而得不出否定一般预防作为刑罚目的的正当性的结论;一般预防与报应之间是一种既对立又同一的关系,基于两者的同一性、将一般预防作为刑罚的目的未必会导致严刑苛罚,基于两者的对立性,一般预防具有相对于报应而作为刑罚目的的独立的意义;一般预防与个别预防的关系同样是一种既对立又同一的关系,解决两者冲突的正确途径不在于简单地舍弃一般预防而保全个别预防;一般预防否定论者所提出的否定一般预防正当性的任一理由均可用以否定其所赞成的个别预防,否定一般预防作为刑罚目的的正当性,必然陷入自相矛盾的逻辑误区。     

社会管理创新与行政法形态之变革

我国的"社会管理"是以矛盾化解与风险防控为中心、以基层公共服务、工业安全和精神文明建设为外围支持的任务体系。社会管理创新,意味着社会管理需要突破传统依靠科学管理进路的方式,前移监测重心,柔化防控手段,加强社会服务,配合民生工程的经济保障和公共安全客观风险的控制,消除冲突的根源。相应地,我国的行政法律制度需要保持同样的积极性和敏锐度,这就要求开放评价机制、强调及时的反思和改进。     

论原始社会犯罪人赔偿制度

20世纪70年代开始至90年代,几乎所有西方国家都规定了罪犯赔偿制度。追溯罪犯赔偿历史,它是原始社会时期的一种犯罪治理手段,是犯罪的伴生现象。相较于今天的犯罪治理手段,它更注重个人身心、生活、行为和社会秩序的恢复。西方国家、伊斯兰社会和非洲、亚洲等的原始社会,都曾广泛采用罪犯赔偿制度。原始社会罪犯赔偿制度注重被害人的被害恢复,重视为避免社会冲突,要求罪犯承担弥补犯罪所造成的恶果的责任,同时也十分重视恢复社区安宁。这对于我们今天的犯罪治理有着重要的参考价值。     

试论专家在司法鉴定中的角色定位

作为科学、技术或其他专门知识的“载体”,专家在诉讼中的职能越来越广泛.由于诉讼模式的差异,专家在诉讼解决专门性问题时具有不同的角色定位.当事人主义诉讼模式下,专家被视为当事人的证据方法;职权主义诉讼模式下,专家充当法官的辅助人.在两大法系相互借鉴和融合中,专家兼具当事人证据方法和法官辅助人的角色.我国鉴定制度带有浓厚的职权主义色彩,鉴定人在诉讼中扮演着“专门性问题法官”的角色.我国应借鉴德国和日本的做法,将鉴定人定位为法官的辅助人兼当事人的证据方法,从厘清鉴定启动权、鉴定实施权、鉴定意见审查权的性质及相互关系入手,完善我国司法鉴定制度.     

环境治理和可持续发展：中国环境法的成就、问题和展望

本文阐明了中国环境法60年的发展概况、所取得的成就、所存在的主要问题以及今後的发展方向。主张在环境立法内容方面,加强有关环境治理、环境善治、公民环境权、环境民主、公秉参与、环境知情权、环境公益诉讼、政府环境责任及政府环境责任问责制方面的立法：在环境法学研究方面提出：促进研究范式从“主、客二分”到“主、客一体”的转变;促进环境法上的人的模式从经济人模式、主体人模式向生态人模式转变。认为环境法治理建设应该以可持续发展为目标,以生态文明为方向,以环境法治为灵魂,以维护环境正义公平为宗旨,以环境安全为前提,以人与自然和谐相处为核心,以环境民主为手段,以追求环境效益和环境效率为激励机制,以健全综合生态系统管理和环境“善治”机制为导向,充分发挥环境法律调整人与自然关系的作用,使其成为建设环境友好社会、资源节约型社会和生态文明社会的法律保障。环境法学应该研究生态化方法和综合生态系统管理理论,促进环境法向生态法转变,促进环境法律制度的生态化．     

Retribution as Revenge and Retribution as Just Deserts

Public attitudes towards law-breakers shape the tone and tenor of crime-control policy, and the desire for retribution seems to be the main motivation underpinning punitive attitudes towards sentencing. Yet, there is some confusion in the research literature over what retribution really means. In this paper we distinguish between retribution as revenge (as the desire to punish criminal offenders to retaliate a past wrong by making the offender suffer) and retribution as just deserts (as the preference to restore justice through proportional compensation from the offender). Results from an online survey (n = 176) provide evidence of two distinct dimensions of retribution. But we also show that these two dimensions have different ideological and motivational antecedents, and have different consequences in terms of the treatment of criminal offender. We find that retribution as revenge is associated with the motivation to enforce status boundaries with criminal offenders, as well as ideological preferences for power and dominance (as expressed by social dominance orientation) and in-group conformity (as expressed by right-wing authoritarianism). Endorsement of retribution as revenge also predicts the support of harsh punishment and the willingness to deny fair procedures. By contrast, retribution as just deserts is mainly predicted by a value restoration motive and by right-wing authoritarianism. After controlling for revenge, retribution as just deserts predicts support for procedural justice in the criminal courts. We conclude with the idea that beliefs about proportionality and compensation work as a buffer against the negative effects of revenge.     

Pontomedullary lacerations in falls from a height--a retrospective autopsy study

Brainstem pontomedullary laceration (PML) in falls from a height appears as isolated cases and usually in feet-first impacts with a ring fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PML in falls from a height, as well as the frequency of concomitant head and neck injuries. Out of 261 cases, PML was present in 40. An impact to the chin, as well as a feet- or buttocks-first impact, most often led to PML owing to transmission of the impact force. Also, a lateral, frontal, or posterior head impact, with subsequent hinge fracture, as well as the frontoposterior hyperextension of the head associated with an upper spine fracture, could be possible mechanisms of PML in falls from a height. The jawbone and other facial bones act as shock absorbers, and their fracture diminishes energy transfer toward the skull and protects the brain and brainstem from injury.     

中国资产证券化的法律环境分析及立法选择

"资产证券化"是20世纪70年代以来国际金融领域最重要的金融创新。近年来,在中国实施资产证券化的呼声日益高涨。但是,就资产证券化的现实法律环境而言,在证券化基础资产的转移、SPV的设立和定位、资产支持证券的发行和上市以及信用增强等资产证券化的各个环节中,还存在诸多的法律障碍或者法律的空白。为消除资产证券化的市场需求与我国现行法律制度的紧张,必须尽快构建起一个既体现资产证券化的基本规律,又符合我国国情的资产证券化法律机制。     

Power Dynamics in an Experimental Game

We introduce a new experimental method for studying power. Drawing from multiple theoretical perspectives, we conceptualize power as relational and structural, as well as comprised of different forms through which basic human needs can be met. Thus, the method we introduce examines how, when faced with a particular need, people use multiple forms of power concurrently and within a “field of influence,” namely, the other players in a game. This enabled us to examine how one form of power is transformed into another and how power is transferred from one player to another through interaction, as well as to measure power as behavior, as the exercise of choice, as potential, and as outcomes. Two experiments using egalitarian start conditions and a survivable ecology demonstrated that participants used power to gain more power, creating inequality. Being the target of force made some players unable to “survive” in the local ecology. Theoretical and methodological issues in the study of power are discussed and the application of our game method to the study of power in other fields is considered.     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Removal from Home as a Primary, Secondary, or Disclaimed Trauma in Maltreated Adolescents

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among maltreated youth but it remains unclear as to whether removal from home is as traumatizing as the maltreatment. This study examined 250 maltreated adolescents aged 11–17?years who were grouped on the basis of whether they (1) endorsed removal from home as their primary traumatic event, (2) endorsed removal from home as a secondary traumatic event, but not their primary traumatic event, or (3) did not endorse removal from home as traumatic. PTSD diagnoses as well as symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, depression, posttraumatic cognitions, and anger expression were measured. Adolescents who endorsed removal from home as their primary traumatic event reported significantly lower levels of PTSD and related symptoms than adolescents in the other groups. The findings are discussed within the context of transactions surrounding removal from home and support previous work that PTSD is a critical concern regarding many maltreated youth.