出处与山水:从谢安到谢朓

南朝时期,山水自然作为独立的审美形象进入文艺作品中,对于其原因,历来论者多有涉及。如果从陈郡谢氏的角度,选取东晋谢安、晋宋谢灵运及萧齐的谢朓为对象,探讨出处问题与山水发现的内在联系,就会发现:谢安不仅藉山水以享乐,也借山水以化郁结;谢灵运在山水中体悟玄理,为声色大开奠定基础;谢朓则在官舍郡斋中,在宦游旅途中,将山水融入日常生活中,山水最终成为官场中人的逃遁之地。     

出处与山水：从谢安到谢緿

南朝时期，山水自然作为独立的审美形象进入文艺作品中，对于其原因，历来论者多有涉及。如果从陈郡谢氏的角度，选取东晋谢安、晋宋谢灵运及萧齐的谢緿为对象，探讨出处问题与山水发现的内在联系，就会发现：谢安不仅藉山水以享乐，也借山水以化郁结；谢灵运在山水中体悟玄理，为声色大开奠定基础；谢緿则在官舍郡斋中，在宦游旅途中，将山水融入日常生活中，山水最终成为官场中人的逃遁之地。     

袁昶的仕隐困境与“玄又玄”诗歌风貌

在诗歌审美分化愈益明朗的背景下,袁昶首次从历史文化资源中发掘出"惊四筵"和"适独坐"的文学观念,并通过自己的诗歌创作去实现"适独坐"的文学审美."适独坐"在袁昶的诗中最起码包含两方面的内容:其一是乱世文人仕与隐的矛盾.袁昶一生徘徊于其中不能抉择,于是他通过各种途径营造"市隐"、"朝隐"、"吏隐"的境界,为自己安排一片休憩缓冲的家园.其二是仕隐的思想意蕴.袁昶的诗中山水与老庄并具,写景与玄理兼有,"玄又玄"是又一突出的特点.但是他的"玄又玄"不仅是老庄,而是老庄、理学、佛学甚至神仙思想兼而有之,又佐之考据学,从而呈现出驳杂深刻的状态.     

试论李壁对诗歌笺释学的贡献

南宋李壁笺注的<王荆文公诗注>是宋代重要的一部诗歌笺注本.李壁在<文选>式的传统笺释方法基础上,发展了前代的注释之学,主要有三方面的贡献:以史证诗,借注王诗以显史;探求诗歌旨意;从文学角度来评论诗歌的艺术特征和审美价值.这对后代诗歌笺释之学的发展有着深远的影响.     

顾炎武山水诗简论

顾炎武是清初遗民诗人的代表，他的山水诗很少纯审美的作品，基本上是通过山水与怀古或时局相连，来表达爱国的思想。诗的风格以质实为主，又得杜诗沉郁雄壮之神。诗长于用典，语言朴素。其山水诗审美价值的削弱与社会功利性的增强，从中国山水诗发展的角度评价乃是一种“过失”，但这是由时代造成的     

李白诗受后世诗评家贬抑冷落原因探论

唐代以后诗评家一方面承认李诗与杜诗共为唐诗最高典范,另一方面又时常贬抑冷落李诗.李白诗歌成就、诗坛地位与李诗学研究状况之间存在巨大反差,并非是由于李诗缺乏审美价值,而是与古代诗学评价体系的价值取向直接关联.把诗的教化功能当作诗的首要之义,注重于诗法诗艺中评判诗人的作诗功夫,在开宗立派中学问化而不是审美化地承传诗歌,这是导致李诗评价在后世跌落的主要原因.     

论诗歌创作与游历山水,人生羁旅的关系

诗歌创作与游历山水,人生羁旅密切相关。山水诗,是古典诗词与游历山水的最简单的结合,特点是寄情于山水,于山川林野中寻生活的情趣。王维作为山水田园派代表诗人,其诗歌创作诗画合一,将山水景色与诗歌创作紧密结合。借景抒情是将古典诗词诗词与山水结合的最典型的表现手法。作者借对景的描写,融入对于人生变化的感慨,抒发自己的情怀。而陆游作为其代表诗人,可谓将借景抒情表现的淋漓尽致。     

邓汉仪诗史观及其诗学意义

邓汉仪认为诗歌应"追国雅而绍诗史",所以他重视记载时变过程,反映一代兴亡之感,关注民生、民瘼的作品.这既是对传统诗学"诗史"观的继承,又是对国雅本质的回归.邓汉仪还以鲜明的历史意识为诗歌选本张目,借助诗歌总集《诗观》的编纂,以求"成一代之伟观",使选本具有诗歌发展史的意义,这是对诗史观的发展.作为康熙前期诗坛旗手,其诗史观对矫正清初世俗诗风,使诗歌创作回归现实主义传统,起到了积极的作用.     

浅谈陶渊明的思想

陶渊明是中国文学史上杰出的诗人,他的诗歌以田园生活为题材,开创了田园诗歌新的艺术境界,使田园诗歌在唐宋以后成为诗歌的重要内容。陶渊明的诗沿袭了魏晋诗歌的古朴诗风而进入更纯熟的境地,他成功地将自然提升为一种美的至境,他创造了中国诗歌中一种新的、美的类型,一种意韵极为醇厚而又朴实无华的冲淡美。这一切的取得与陶渊明丰富的人生体验是分不开的,如果没有田园生活的体验也写不出这些广为传诵的田园诗,从而使他的诗在中国文学史上奠定了不朽的地位。     

范成大纪行诗与纪行文的关系

范成大(1126—1193,字致能)的代表作是组诗《四时田园杂兴》六十首,因而他常常被称为田园诗人。但是另一方面,必须看到他去各地旅行时创作的许多描写自然景物的山水诗,在他的作品中也占有重要的位置。尤其是依照旅行的路程所创作的组诗,是范成大对这一特殊诗体的一种尝试。本文把这类由作者自己编集的记叙旅途见闻和感想的以组诗形式出现的作品称作纪行诗。     

Judges or Comrades?

Not long ago I had occasion to be present at a meeting of the comrades' court of Housing Operation Office No. 16 of Moscow's Bauman District. A statement by Citizeness Kh-va accusing the M-v couple of unseemly behavior ("They curse, threaten, put garbage in the soup…") was being considered. M-v is a young scholar — an art specialist. I am his research director, and naturally I am not at all indifferent to how he conducts himself in his home life.     

Ownership of high-risk ("vicious") dogs as a marker for deviant behaviors: implications for risk assessment

This study examined the association between ownership of high-risk ("vicious") dogs and the presence of deviant behaviors in the owners as indicated by court convictions. We also explored whether two characteristics of dog ownership (abiding licensing laws and choice of breed) could be useful areas of inquiry when assessing risk status in settings where children are present. Our matched sample consisted of 355 owners of either licensed or cited dogs that represented high or low-risk breeds. Categories of criminal convictions examined were aggressive crimes, drugs, alcohol, domestic violence, crimes involving children, firearm convictions, and major and minor traffic citations. Owners of cited high-risk ("vicious") dogs had significantly more criminal convictions than owners of licensed low-risk dogs. Findings suggest that the ownership of a high-risk ("vicious") dog can be a significant marker for general deviance and should be an element considered when assessing risk for child endangerment.     

Delayed fatal impact cardiopathy

The lesions of impact cardiopathy ("cardiac contusion") which fail to heal satisfactorily, leading to delayed heart failure and death, are infrequently recognized, in part because of a general lack of appreciation of the lingering significance of lesser degrees of trauma. The case of a 31-year-old male dying 4 weeks after a vehicular collision provides strong confirmation of the expectable intermediate aspects of this spectrum of post traumatic lesions.     

An Interview with Xie Huaishi

Entrusted by Global Law Review and permitted by Mr Xie Huaishi, I was very fortunate to interview, in mid-June, China's greatest civil jurist of this generation. Professor Xie is in his 80s, yet he looks hale and hearty, and his mind is agile. His study was in his bedroom. At that time, Professor Xie was proofreading, like a hero with great aspirations, the Chinese translation of the General Section of the German Civil Code, written by Kal Larenz.     

辛词题材构成解读

辛弃疾词体创作的题材类型多达30类,为两宋词体创作题材类型最多的作家.伴随其宦海浮沉,取材也表现出比较明显的阶段性特征.仕宦期的主要题材为交游、祝颂、咏怀等,闲退期的主要题材为交游、隐逸、咏物等;可见仕宦期多取社会性较强的题材,而闲退期多取社会性较弱的题材.至于两期均居第一的交游题材,则表明豪放派词人投身社会人生的恒久热情与不懈努力.传统文化的浸润渗透,当代政治的激荡震刷,个人修养的组运熔铸,是影响辛词题材构成的几个主要方面.     

周作人战时思想散论——以《药堂语录》、《书房一角》为中心

抗战时期,国人普遍动员身体的当儿,周作人反而禁闭了身体,不给它作出象征姿态的权利.周作人表彰嘉言懿行,传述奇人轶事,恐怕是在激励民气,伸张国人的正气.这些文章或者可以视为新<世说>,表达了对于生活的敬重和理想人性的追求.周作人考察一部书的历史、一个人的生平、一种时代的陋见、一种态度的表现,表面上不出个人的兴趣,实在倒是谋求公共空间的话语权,替再一次的文化废墟营造精神的家园.     

死亡的变形记--对传统的继承和颠覆

卡夫卡的<变形记>中主人公格里高尔经历了两次死亡:在梦醒时分,他的人形肉体已经消亡,灵魂在他人的观照下寄存于甲虫体中;继而在被忘记、被抛弃的状态下彻底死亡.死亡是主人公被迫、也是主动的选择.卡夫卡在小说中表现出自我在不断与社会、与他人和解的企图中加剧对生的恐惧.格里高尔消灭自己的意愿和行动被理解为具有耶稣救赎精神,然而他的精神并未得到认同,甚至连他的尸体都未得到起码的尊重.上帝死了,英雄死了,人也死了.卡夫卡在这一层面上表现出的现代人的孤独、绝望和恐惧以及异化的状态,恐怕是无人企及的.     

刘勰论谶纬之“有助文章”

<文心雕龙·正纬>篇是针对谶纬而作的,刘勰在认为谶纬"乖道谬典"的同时,又指出其"有助文章".谶纬所描写记载的内容事迹丰富奇特,而所用的词语又繁富生动,其"事丰奇伟,辞富膏腴"的特点,对文学创作是极为有利的,因而谶纬对汉魏六朝时期的文学创作产生了重要的影响.刘勰对谶纬提出"酌乎纬"的主张,这不仅是<正纬>篇的篇旨,而且对于<文心雕龙>全书还具有理论上的指导意义.     

萧公权的宪政观——《宪政与民主》评述

萧公权先生写于民国年间的诸多政论,于宪政四要素法治、自由、民主、分权中更为青睐民主与法治,主张民治为体,法治为用。萧氏晚年愈加趋向保守,若以对待传统、历史进步论以及宪政建构的路径依赖为区分,其可谓一个中国特色的古典宪政主义者。     

William R. Maples, forensic historian: four men, four centuries, four countries.

Prior to 1984, William R. Maples, Ph.D. worked primarily with Medical Examiners in the State of Florida in investigation of and testimony in criminal cases. In 1984 the Republic of Peru requested him to identify skeletal remains thought to be those of Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of Peru and the Incas in the early 16th Century. Dr. Maples made a positive identification of those remains as Pizarro, resulting in their substitution in a glass-sided coffin in the Cathedral of Lima, where other remains had been displayed as those of Pizarro for a hundred years. In addition, it was proved that the remains removed could not have been those of Pizarro. In 1988, Dr. Maples examined the skeletal remains of Joseph Merrick ("The Elephant Man") at Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, and made photographic studies of them for comparison with death casts of limbs and skull to ascertain depth of tissue by video-superimposition. In 1991, Dr. Maples, headed a team which removed President Zachary Taylor (1779-1842) from his tomb in Louisville, Kentucky. The purpose was to determine if he had been poisoned, as had been proposed by some at the time. Test results showed that he had not been. In 1992, Dr. Maples and a team of forensic specialists went by invitation to Ekaterinburg, Russia to study skeletal remains which the Russians had tentatively identified as the Russian Royal Family, and entourage, murdered in 1918. The American team identified them as Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, three of his children, his physician, and three of his servants. William Ross Maples died in Gainesville, Florida, 27 February 1997.