专家热议全民低保

实施城市居民最低生活保障制度,是我国社会保障体系的重要组成部分,是从制度上保障城市贫困人口基本生活的重要途径,对于完善社会主义市场经济体制、维护社会稳定、保障国有企业改革的顺利进行和国家的长治久安具有十分重要的意义。为进一步健全社会保障制度,最近,“中国社会保障论坛首届年会”在京举行,专家们在会议上呼吁,应当按照共享经济发展成果的理念,较大幅度地提高社会保障待遇水平,加快社会保障制度建设。     

“居者有其屋”——独具特色的新加坡住房保障制度及启示

住房保障制度是政府通过行政手段为低收入家庭提供满足其基本生活所需住房的若干制度安排,是国家社会政策与社会保障制度的重要组成部分。它既是社会保障制度在住房领域的延伸,也是住房制度对社会保障的体现。完善的公共住房保障制度是社会发展和进步的标志,研究和分析新加坡的住房保障制度对构建与完善中国特色的住房社会保障体系具有借鉴意义。     

卢森堡的社会保障与工会参与

卢森堡的社会保障制度是由19世纪后期的互助制度变通发展而成的,承袭了德国的模式。社会保障的基本职能是国家通过对国民收入进行再分配,为社会成员提供普遍的社会保障和支持广泛的就业。经过100多年的发展历史,目前,卢森堡已成为世界上社会保障体系最为全面和完善的国家之一。卢森堡的社会保障由两部分组成:一是社会保险,主要有医疗保险、养老保险、工伤保险、失业保险和护理保险;二是社会福利,主要有家庭补贴和有保障的最低收入等。现在,     

工会在社会保障工作中是如何发挥作用的？

社会保障是指国家以立法和行政措施确立对遇到疾病、伤残、生育、年老、死亡、事业、火灾或其他风险的社会成员给予相应的经济、物质和服务的帮助,以保障其基本生活需要的一种社会经济福利制度。其主要包括社会保险、社会救助、社会福利、社会优抚和社会互助等内容。社会保障具有六个方面     

俄罗斯的社会保障

根据列宁“对工人最好的保险模式应是国家保险”的思想,前苏联建立了以国家保障为特点的社会保障体系。国家通过财政收入,向社会成员提供广泛的社会保障,保障资金大部分来自国家预算,另一部分来自企事     

改革之中的俄罗斯社会保障制度

社会保障,是指社会成员面临生、老、病、死、伤残、失业等情况而出现生活困难时,社会或政府给予金钱的或物质的帮助,以保障社会成员能维持最基本的生活水平。俄罗斯从1992年起开始对社会保障体制进行改革。基本思路是,从普遍的福利制度转向为最贫困居民提供一张安全网,社会保险资金由主要靠国家预算拨款现收现付制改为由企业、个人和国家合理分担,建立了个人储蓄账户。应该肯定,俄罗斯的社会保障制度改革的方向是正确的,但也出现一些问题。为此,俄罗斯有关专家献计献策,提出种种改革方案。总体而言,学者们主张,俄罗斯应吸收西方国家在福利制度改革中已普遍接受的救助模式观念,这种模式要求政府从社会保护角度制定国家的社会保障政策,以体现其再分配功能。现将有关观点综述如下。     

社会保障立法价值取向思考

社会保障立法是目前我国立法的重点,完善社会保障制度,是发展社会主义市场经济、保障公民生存权、稳定社会秩序、促进社会发展的重要保障。社会保障制度涵盖了社会的、经济的、法律的、文化的多重意义。效率与公平问题是经济学和社会学研究中的一对基本的,同时又是难以协调的矛盾。在社会保障立法中,我们首先也要考虑到公平和效率的问题。本文拟就社会保障立法的价值取向中效率与公平问题进行一些思考。     

社会保障制度建设中的工人参与

社会保障是人的一种基本需要，社会保障权是人权的重要组成部分。然而，世界上每五个人中仅有一人享受适当的社会保障的保护，有一半的世界人口不享受任何社会保障保护。在经济全球化的背景下，国际劳工组织将确保世界各地的男女劳动者享有体面的劳动作为一个首要目标。社会保护是体面劳动战略目标的一个重要组成部分，社会保护目标的实现有赖于社会保障制度的发展和完善。社会保障制度建设需要工人参与。     

公平与效率:福利国家社保机制的内在矛盾

福利国家是一个以社会保障制度为核心的社会管理框架。全球化在上世纪70年代开始加速推进,使发达资本主义建立在工业现代化之上的福利国家模式面临严重危机,原有的资本和劳动之间的平衡被打破,社会保障机制难以为继,因此进一步制约了资本主义的整体发展。福利国家的社会保障机制由此进入到需要转型的发展阶段。     

新加坡社会保障制度研究及启示

中央公积金制度是新加坡结合自身社会经济发展水平、传统文化与伦理道德,探索形成的迥异于福利国家模式的另一种社会保障模式。中央公积金制度适应了新加坡经济起飞时期的经济发展和社会特点,在其50多年的运作过程中日趋成熟、完善,成功解决了新加坡国民养老、住房、医疗等社会难题,带来了良好的社会效益和经济效益,被认为是东亚乃至世界范围内社会保障制度成功运行的典范。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。