论国际经济制裁对海上保险的影响——以伊朗制裁为例

国际经济制裁是国际社会为实现特定的政治目的而针对特定对象施加的直接或间接限制或禁止其经济活动、资产利益的强制措施.联合国、欧盟、美国均对伊朗实施了经济制裁,涉及贸易、航运领域,相关制裁规则的制定及执行在理论和实践层面对海上保险的提供、理赔等环节均产生了诸多障碍.中国也不可避免地受到了国际经济制裁的影响,欲维持国家能源和经济安全,中国可在制裁规则的框架内或突破制裁规则予以应对.     

伊朗核危机激化对我国石油安全的影响

中东是当今世界上主要热点地区,位于中东的伊朗是中东地区的一个大国。长期以来,伊朗处于一种非常特殊的地缘政治关系中。它不仅有十分敏感的战略地位,而且还有十分丰富的石油资源。伊朗还是世界各国原教旨主义组织的大本营,恐怖主义和核问题又使伊朗成为全球关注的焦点。所以,它的发展变化,无论从政治、经济、军事、还是宗教、文化等角度都会对中东地区产生重大影响。我国是世界能源消费大国,从中东进口的石油和贸易合作越来越多,随着社会的发展,中国在中东的利益日渐突出。现在,伊朗核危机日益严重,在这样环境下,我国的石油安全是否会受到影响,以及我国在伊朗和中东的利益是否受到损害,本文都做了详细地阐述,从而为我国的石油安全提供一些参考建议。     

中国在应对对华反补贴中的问题及法律对策

近年来,反补贴—作为世界贸易三大救济措施之一,被其它国家频繁地用来对中国出口企业进行贸易制裁,使得我国政府以及企业不得不面对着异常严峻的反补贴形势。本文对现阶段我国在应对国外对华反补贴调查案件中所存在的政府有关部门对反补贴认识不足、我国反补贴政策缺乏规范、政府和企业对于反补贴案件应对不积极等问题进行分析探讨,并提出相应的法律对策建议。     

官员财产收入公开大势所趋

党政领导干部公开其全部真实财产，不仅是党和广大人民群众的其同愿望，也是中国作为《联合国反腐败公约》缔约固的一项义务。《联合国反腐败公约》规定：“各缔约国均应当考虑根据本国法律对有关公职人员确立有效的财产申报制度，并应当对不遵守制度的情形规定适当的制裁。”     

中美贸易摩擦中的法律战--从不可靠实体清单制度到阻断办法

中美贸易摩擦有明暗两条主线。明线是两国政府就贸易摩擦所涉议题展开谈判,以期达成协议,解决贸易争端;暗线是中美之间就制裁和反制裁、遏制和反遏制展开的法律战。法律战是中美贸易摩擦所呈现的国家之间的法律和制度之争,是美国法律霸权主义背景下中国参与国际经济治理无法回避和必须回应的法律竞争和法律反遏制。法律战的工具具有多元性,这导致法律战呈现出复杂性。以长臂管辖和次级制裁为主要特征和核心的法律战对于中国完善国内法和参与国际法实践提出了更高的规则和制度要求。以不可靠实体清单制度和阻断办法为代表的法律战需要实体法、程序法、国内法、国际法多重要素的整体配合,才能达到政策目标。     

中国内地与澳门刑法中侵犯著作权犯罪之比较

中国内地和澳门地区同是世贸组织成员,在知识产权保护方面都需承担《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》所规定的多项义务。在澳门回归祖国近三年之际,对中国内地和澳门地区的侵犯著作权犯罪的刑事法律制度进行比较研究,以进一步完善两地的相关法律制度,更好地预防和制裁侵犯著作权的犯罪活动,无疑具有积极的意义。     

欧盟反倾销规则非市场经济国家问题研究

反倾销本是WTO允许合法实施的贸易保护手段之一。但是,由于WTO反倾销法律文本的不完善,致使反倾销法成为一些国家推行贸易保护主义的重要工具。其中被利用得最为充分的莫过于对非市场经济国家的认定,原因在于对什么是非市场经济国家WTO协议并没有给出一个明确的界定范围,而欧盟恰恰利用了这一漏洞,欧盟在对华贸易中面临巨大的进口影响和内部压力时,借助针对中国的非市场经济国家制度下特殊的反倾销措施这一合法的贸易保护手段,对中国出口企业进行制裁。     

论联合国制裁措施在香港特区的执行问题:争议与实践

联合国制裁措施已有数十年的历史,其能够在成员国内得到良好执行是联合国制裁措施有效的根本。我国作为联合国安理会的常任理事国,遵守并执行安理会制裁决议应是题中之义。但我国是一个特殊的多法域国家,执行联合国制裁措施,就必然意味着需要在不同的法域获得一致的协调。对香港特别行政区的立法、执法中的争议和实践进行考察就可以看出,无论是立法模式的选择、与特区基本法的协调以及立法实效,都对我国执行联合国制裁措施提出了一定的挑战。因此,探索如何建立切实可行的法域间协调,成为我国执行联合国中制裁措施长效机制建设的关键。     

联合国经济制裁的“人道主义例外”法律机制初探

联合国经济制裁常常给被制裁国的平民带来人道主义影响。为了使这种人道主义影响降至最低点 ,联合国不得不同时实施人道主义例外法律机制。由于缺乏成文法规定 ,实施人道主义例外措施引发了一系列国际法律问题。这些法律问题包括 :人道主义例外机制的法律基础、类型、范围和审批机制等等。     

论联合国经济制裁中的人权保护——兼评联合国对朝鲜的经济制裁

联合国经济制裁是安理会依据《联合国宪章》第41条为维持国际和平与安全采取的一种强制措施.战后安理会实施的经济制裁一方面给受制裁国发出了要求或强迫其遵守国际法的警告,而另一方面,在实施制裁过程中给受制裁国带来人道主义灾难,妨碍而不是促进人权,从而削弱了经济制裁的效力.因此,联合国在经济制裁中也应遵守国际人权法和国际人道主义法.     

Unusual cases from Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Dubai is one of the small countries of the United Arab Emirates located on the shores of the Persian Gulf in the Middle East. This report deals with two deaths: one an unusual method of suicide by hanging and the other, a death under investigation into whether it was accidental or suicidal.     

Child physical abuse: prevalence, characteristics, predictors, and beliefs about parent-child violence in South Asian, Middle Eastern, East Asian, and Latina women in the United States

The present study examined the prevalence, characteristics, beliefs, and demographic predictors of parent-child physical violence among South Asian, Middle Eastern, East Asian, and Latina women in the United States. Two hundred fifty-one college-educated women from a middle to high SES (South Asian/Middle Eastern, n = 93; East Asian,n = 72; Latina,n = 86) completed a self-report survey on childhood experiences and beliefs regarding physical abuse. Seventy-three percent of the South Asian and Middle Eastern sample, 65% of the East Asian sample, and 78% of the Latina sample reported experiencing at least one type of physical abuse. Significant differences in characteristics and perpetrators of abuse were found across groups. Demographic factors did not predict physical abuse. Experiencing physical abuse was the only predictor for acceptance of physical discipline and as a parental privilege or right across groups. Implications of alternate cultural models of family violence based on beliefs and exposure to violence are discussed.     

Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East. Hashemi Nader and Danny Postel,eds. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).

In 2014, the Middle East appeared to teeter on the brink of an all-out sectarian war between Sunnis and Shi’as. In June of that year, the major Iraqi city of Mosul fell to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in a matter of days, bringing the group closer to its vow to eliminate all Shi’as and other religious minorities living in its self-proclaimed Islamic caliphate. Several hundred miles to the west, Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps were actively training Afghan Shi’a fighters to support the demoralized troops of Bashar Assad.     

Women Are Being Beaten They Are Beaten Constantly and Systematically Every Day

As we approach the end of the century, the Islamic world is becoming a key element in the system of international relations. The influence of Islam is no longer restricted to the traditionally Moslem countries of the Middle and Near East. The Islamic factor has a quite major impact on the policies of several countries: the United States, France, Great Britain, China, Germany, and Russia.     

The impact of economic growth and good governance on misery index in Iranian economy

Potentially Speaking, Iranian economy is one of the wealthiest one in Middle East and even among other developing countries in the region. In practice, however, mismanagement and bad governance of public sector and some other infrastructural shortcomings have led this economy to its current inefficient situation in which we face with one of the highest misery index, MI, along with one of the lowest economic growth rate in the world. This article is investigating this subject. At, one hand it is analyzing the relationship between misery index, MI, and economic growth in Iran, and at the other hand it studies the impact of governance on MI for 1974–2011 periods. To achieve this goal, vector autoregressive model has been used. We have also used the government effectiveness as a proxy for good governance, which, we think, is meaningful in Iranian case. By using dickey-fuller test the stability of variables, has been examined. We also have applied the Granger causality and Johnson test for considering the convergence among variables. One finding of this paper is that, economic growth has had negative relation with MI. Another result is that there is a significant relationship between type of governance and MI. For instance, during recent administration (2005–2011), we are encountering with the worst good governance indexes, the lowest economic growth, and the highest MI as well.     

Criminal justice in the Middle East

Criminal justice in the Middle East conjures up images of severed hands, religious police, and qadi justice. Yet those seeking a more accurate picture find few sources. Conventional treatments of the region focus on Islamic law, although few Middle Eastern states actually base their legal systems on Islamic law. This article argues that in the Middle East as elsewhere, rulers use criminal justice to achieve two related ends: to maintain order generally, and to maintain a particular order — to preserve the regime in power and the interests and values of those who support it. A comparative historical analysis of the emergence of the police and judiciary links these two ends, and these two institutions.     

The Seriousness of Crime Cross-Culturally:

This study examines the perceptions of the seriousness of offenses: first, by examining perceptions of a wide range of offenses for respondents from two very divergent cultures, the United States and the Middle East, second, by assessing the perceived severity of some 17 sanctions for respondents from these two cultures and finally, by assessing the impact of religiosity on the perceived seriousness of Crime. In addition, both the magnitude estimation and category techniques for measuring the seriousness of crime are utilized and the results from using these two techniques are compared.     

Post-9/11 International Artist Exchanges Between the United States and the Middle East

Since 9/11, the U.S. government has gradually increased its budget for cultural exchange to improve its estranged relationship with Middle Eastern ¹ 1. The Middle East, or the greater Middle Eastern region, is frequently labeled with distinctive titles. For example, the State Department identifies the region as the “Near East,” and “North Africa and the Middle East” is broadly utilized by the grant-related organization, the Foundation Center. Additionally, the term “Arab” refers to someone who uses the Arabic language and whose cultural background is Arabic. Thus, to promote consistency and to prevent unnecessary confusion, “the Middle East” will be utilized in this article. countries. However, U.S. private foundations have been reluctant to sponsor international artist exchanges with the region. This article describes the funding trends of both public and private sources; explains the consequences and coping strategies of U.S. arts presenters through a case study of the Kennedy Center's 2009 Arabesque Festival; and examines the effects of the new laws and regulations created after the terrorist attacks that seem to be influencing the activities of private funders.     

Hydropolitics and issue-linkage along the Orontes River Basin: an analysis of the Lebanon–Syria and Syria–Turkey hydropolitical relations

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - The Orontes River Basin is among the least researched transboundary water basins in the Middle East. The few studies on the...     

The Puzzle of the Iguazu Tri-Border Area: Many Questions and Few Answers Regarding Organised Crime and Terrorism Links

It is widely accepted that the Tri-Border Area between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay is a nexus in global terrorist support, and perhaps even operations. However, it is rather more difficult actually to provide evidence of this connection. The region is certainly a smuggling haven, and has substantial populations from the Middle East. Beyond remittances sent to the Middle East – some of which flows to such organisations as Hezbollah – there is little hard evidence available to the academic researcher. Thus the study of this purported crime-terror nexus provides a valuable opportunity for academic researchers to question the assumptions and assertions of policy-makers and pundits, push for transparency of information on the reality of the region and even help understand the problem better.