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1.
Attention has increasingly shifted towards the long-run perspective on technological innovation, which suggests that progress
comes in waves, each one originating with a major breakthrough or general purpose technology (GPT). This paper seeks to assess
whether nanotechnology is likely to be (or become) a GPT, a characteristic that other researchers have sometimes assumed though
not necessarily documented. Based on a survey of existing literature, this paper will explore the extent to which nanotechnology
addresses three primary characteristics of a GPT: pervasiveness, innovation spawning, and scope for improvement. The paper
draws on patent and patent citation databases to highlight the types of quantitative and qualitative information that would
be necessary, and in some instances is still lacking, to characterize fully the nature of nanotechnology.
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2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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3.
Many dependent variables of criminological interest have censored distributions. Investigations that use such variables increasingly
have turned to the Tobit model, a censored regression technique that is specified based on a latent dependent variable. When
used under suitable circumstances, this model provides appropriate estimates. This paper discusses key assumptions of the
Tobit model. It then highlights the risk of violating these assumptions and reviews alternative flexible parametric and semiparametric
modeling techniques, currently used sparingly in criminology, which researchers may find helpful when assumptions regarding
the error terms are untenable. By using an empirical example focused on sentencing outcomes and comparing estimates across
analytic methods, this study illustrates the potential utility of simultaneously estimating the Tobit model along with some
alternatives.
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4.
This paper explains why and how entrepreneurship has emerged as an engine of economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness
in global markets. The entrepreneurial society reflects the emergence as entrepreneurship as an important source of economic
growth.
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5.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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7.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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8.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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9.
Our contribution to the expanding literature on the globalization of research and innovation is to investigate the extent
to which sector-specific developments in an emerging technology (such as increasing interdisciplinarity and complexity) affect
inventive activities developed abroad. We look at how technological diversity and scientific excellence of host countries
in the field of nanotechnology affect the development of inventive activities by US multinational companies (MNCs). We identify
the most active US-based MNCs in nanotechnology-related patenting and examine location decisions of these companies and their
international subsidiaries. Econometric results confirm our hypothesis that the technological breadth of host countries positively
influences the expected number of inventions developed abroad by US MNCs. Science capabilities of countries also have a positive
impact on the decision to invent abroad, while the influence of market specific factors is less clear. We interpret these
results as suggesting that host country science capabilities are important to attract innovative activities by MNCs, but as
the interdisciplinary and convergent nature of nanotechnology evolves, access to a broadly diversified knowledge base becomes
important in increasing the relative attractiveness of host locations.
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10.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
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11.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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12.
Seven recommendations are offered for the Obama Administration to ensure that the economy is on a robust growth path over
the next decade. These recommendations are intended as first steps towards building the innovation-based public-private partnerships
needed to drive economic growth and prosperity.
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13.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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14.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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15.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are science fields which are growing extremely dynamically. Germany occupies the top position
in Europe and is only second to the US worldwide, which can be attributed to growing research promotion by the state. Based
on a general conceptual framework on the role of different types of standards in the research process and technology life
cycle, we argue that the market success of nanotechnology applications depends very much on the development of corresponding
standards, which clarify not only terminology, measurement and testing methods, but also regulate safety and health aspects
and specify interfaces. Other countries, European and international standardisation organisations have launched first initiatives
rather early. However, Germany was not able to translate its excellent starting position in nanotechnology research into a
leading position in standardisation initiatives, which pave the way for future commercialisation of nanotechnology and also
the basis for the next generation of research activities. Based on a survey among stakeholders of German nanotechnology research,
we are able not only to provide a first empirical validation of our conceptual model on the role of standards in the research
process, but also to define the major problems at the interface between research and standardisation, and finally, to recommend
possible options for their solution.
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16.
This paper shows how Peirce's semeiotic could be turned into a powerful science. The New Science of Semiotics provides not
only a new paradigm and an empirical justification for all these applications, but also a rational and systematic procedure
for carrying them out as well. Thus the New Science of Semiotics transforms the philosophy of law into the science of legal
scholarship, the discipline that I call jurisology.
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17.
This paper aims to establish an initial determination of what the primary indicators of the ease of access to small arms and
light weapons are. Guns are so abundant and ubiquitous in most parts of the world that the right question to ask is not how
many guns are out there but what are the conditions, or lack thereof, that promote the ease of access. This paper also aims
to offer researchers with initial tools for coding indicators for the ease of access in future investigations on this important
topic. At the outset, I introduce three sets of indicators: legal, ‘black market feeder indicators’, and socialeconomic indicators.
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18.
Nanotechnology has attracted significant research, funding, and policy activity in recent years in the US and many other countries.
Of particular interest are the locational characteristics of this emerging technology. This study examines the emergence of
nanotechnology in the US South to explore questions of regional standing and spatial trajectory, using an exploratory multi-indicator
approach. Our research employs an array of 10 indicators of knowledge generation, human capital, R&D funding, and patenting,
to uncover developments, clusters, and linkages in nanotechnology emergence. Results indicate that although there is nanotechnology
activity in every state in the US South, this activity agglomerates in a few locations. One emerging nanodistrict (North Carolina’s
Research Triangle) has prior strengths in high technology research and commercialization, especially based on biotechnology;
but other districts (e.g., Oak Ridge Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia) that have strengths in certain aspects of the nanotechnology
research ecosystem have weaknesses in commercialization. The study illustrates how multi-indicator approaches can be developed
from existing databases, using customized search techniques, and how the insights from multi-indicator measurement can be
used to provide insights for research and innovation policy.
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19.
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
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