试论检察机关对监管场所死亡案件的受理

根据有关法律规定,检察机关负责办理监管场所非正常死亡案件。但是,由于对非正常死亡一直没有明确的界定,影响了这一部分的工作。作者通过对9例案件的分析,从检察法医实践的角度进行讨论,对非正常死亡的内涵和条件进行了论证,并以此对有关的规范性法律文件中关于非正常死亡案件的规定阐述了新的理解,认为确定非正常死亡并不能成为检察机关受理案件的前提条件。     

63例监管场所非暴力性死亡的法医学分析

目的通过收集监管场所非暴力性死亡的案例,分析其法医学特点和相关影响因素。方法收集某鉴定中心2000—2015年间所受理的监管场所在押人员非暴力性死亡案例63例,对其致死性疾病的类型、发病季节、既往病史、临床表现、处理措施及病程进行回顾性分析。结果监管场所因病死亡者以男性居多,高发于中青年人群;主要致死性疾病以心源性死亡居于首位(50.8%),慢性炎性疾病包括胃肠道穿孔、肺结核病、肺炎、肝炎和胰腺炎等数量也较多。夏季是发病高峰,猝然发作的症状为睡眠中急骤发病、突然晕倒,慢性起病的以呕吐、腹痛、乏力、胸闷、气短、发热、纳差等最为常见。结论监管场所的管理制度、监管场所条件、医疗水平和相关知识等仍有改善空间,进行鉴定时需注意健康资料收集、尸体解剖、组织学检查和毒物检验等。     

浅谈监管场所在押人员死亡案件的法律监督——附12例在押人员死亡原因鉴定回顾性分析

监管场所在押人员死亡案件的监督属于检察机关法律监督中重要的一环。近年来＂躲猫猫＂、＂做梦死＂等案件通过公众媒体的曝光使大家更加清晰地认识这项工作在维护社会稳定、构建和谐社会中的重要性。通过对2003至2007年,泰安市人民检察院、泰安市岱岳区人民检察院受理的监管场所在押人员死亡尸检案件的分析,归纳总结这些人员死亡的特点和原因,并提出今后预防在押人员死亡的对策。     

法律解读

监察部等:联合为监狱和劳教警察定规从2009年"躲猫猫"事件开始,"喝开水死"、"摔跤死"、"做梦死"、"针刺死"等涉案人员在监所内非正常死亡的事件接连出现,引起了社会强烈关注。2010年年底,北京市全面开展了对监狱、劳教场所的非正常死亡问题集中整治,要求北京监所绝不能出现"躲猫猫"一类的非正常死亡事件。法律福音:2012年5月21日,监察部、人力资源社会保障部、司法部联合公布了《监狱和劳动教养机关人民警察违法违纪行为处分规定》(以下简称《规定》),该《规定》自2012年7月1日起施行。     

对一起非正常死亡案件法医学鉴定引发的思考

本文通过对一个案例的分析,阐述了非正常死亡案件法医学鉴定引发的思考。     

关于修订《监狱法》中“罪犯死亡鉴定”规定的研究

监狱在处理服刑罪犯因病死亡之类事件时，常会遇到罪犯家属的质疑，其主要原因是《监狱法》对“罪犯死亡鉴定”的规定违背了“任何人不得成为自已案件的法官”这一程序正义的基本要求。此外，还有监狱现行的罪犯医疗机制等原因。为此，需要修订《监狱法》中“罪犯死亡鉴定”的规定并采取相应的配套措施，建立罪犯基本医疗保障相关机制，实现监狱保稳定保安全的工作目标。     

被监管人员心源性猝死75例分析

目的探讨监管场所内被监管人员心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)的特点和影响因素。方法收集2000—2013年75例河南省监管场所内被监管人员SCD解剖案例,从猝死者生前所在监管场所生活环境、心理因素以及身体受限制方式等方面进行回顾性分析,结合组织病理学改变,研究监管场所中特殊因素对SCD的影响。结果 75例猝死者中,生前有慢性病史者21例(28%),经解剖后确诊有潜在心血管疾病者75例(100%)。结论被监管人员SCD仍以原有潜在心脏结构病变为病理基础,监管场所特殊环境、被看管人员心理应激因素以及对其肢体限制等是SCD的促发因素。     

213例农垦区自杀死亡案件分析

在非正常死亡案件中,自杀案件占很大比例,本文对黑龙江省嫩江农垦区10年来检验的213例自杀死亡案例资料进行统计分析。 本文资料是1983～1993年,经公安机关现场勘查、调查、法医检验鉴定的自杀案例,经筛选资料齐全的213例。按统一标准和要求对自杀案中死者的年龄、性别、文化、职业、婚姻、自杀方式、自杀原因、自杀季节与时间、死亡场所等进行统计分析。 1 结果 1.1 年龄、性别、文化、职业、婚姻。     

非法行医政人死亡案例特点及法医学鉴定

非法行医一直是我国卫生行政部门以及公安机关严厉打击的违法犯罪行为,但目前非法行医仍不少见,并时常有致人死亡的案件发生。本文收集我系十多年来经检验鉴定的２０例非法行医致人死亡的案例,总结分析其死因和特点,并探讨这类案件的法医学检验和鉴定。１材料和方法收集我系１９８５～２０００年受委托检验鉴定的非法行医致人死亡的案件２０例。死者尸体经系统的病理解剖和组织学检验,并进行相关的毒物分析和药品检验。将这些材料按性别、年龄、生前疾病、诊治措施、死亡原因及寻求非法行医者诊治的原因进行分类整理,并加以总结分析。…     

上海某区非正常死亡统计学分析

按国际疾病标准分类法对1995-2004年间某区居民非正常死亡资料进行统计学分析。结果显示1995-2004年间年均非正常死亡率为4.6!(4.9!～4.5!),80岁以上组人群非正常死亡率最高;女性高于男性,为男性的1.03～1.36倍;意外跌落、交通事故、自杀为引起非正常死亡的前3位原因。表明非正常死亡已经成为严重影响某区居民健康、生命质量的主要因素,是目前较为重要的社会问题,应引起足够重视。     

非典型自杀的法医学鉴定

根据辖区内自杀案件的特点,对其中自杀方式较为特殊或复杂的案件进行分析总结,将之归结为非典型自杀,根据其损伤方式,伤口形态等的不同将其分为多种方式自杀和特殊创伤型自杀,分别进行阐述,通过对这些非典型自杀的法医学特点的分析,为非正常死亡案件性质的正确判定提供帮助.     

Blood alcohol concentrations of sudden unexpected deaths and non natural deaths.

This study reports on the relationships between the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the cause of death - which is of course common knowledge for forensic scientists! Our special aim was to gain unselected data for generalizing conclusions. The blood of 2465 consecutive cases (86% of all 2852 sudden unexpected and unnatural fatalities investigated at the Institute for Legal Medicine in Hamburg during the year 1989) was analysed. The BAC was evaluated according to sex, age, cause of death and place of death. In natural causes of death there were 80% cases under 0.05% BAC. Endocrine and digestive system diseases in particular were associated with positive BAC values. In unnatural death cases the BAC under 0.05% was found in 64% of the suicides, 62% of the accidents, 54% of the homicides and 51% of the drug intoxications. The drowning cases showed higher BAC's than traffic accidents. In suicides middle aged males had high BAC's.     

An Analysis of The Morbidity and Mortality of Diabetes Mellitus in a Forensic Context

To investigate the spectrum of diseases seen in diabetes mellitus in a forensic context, all autopsy reports of diabetic individuals who presented to Forensic Science, South Australia (FSSA), over a 5‐year period from 2005 to 2009 were studied. The leading cause of death was cardiovascular disease (55.0%), followed by unnatural deaths (15.4%) and infections (9.4%). In type 1 diabetics, principal causes of death included cardiovascular disease (44.7%), acute metabolic complications (18.7%), unnatural deaths (17.9%), and infections (8.9%). However, frequencies of these diseases differed in type 2 diabetics, with cardiovascular events responsible for 56.6% of cases, followed by unnatural deaths (15.0%) and infections (10.9%). A larger number of male deaths were seen in all disease categories, except respiratory and gastrointestinal where the frequencies were similar to females. Cardiovascular disease was the leading overall cause of death across all ages except in those under the age of 30 where metabolic complications were more common.     

限制性体位窒息死亡的法医学鉴定

限制性体位窒息是一种特殊类型的窒息,其死亡机理、过程复杂,体表损伤轻微,尸体表现缺乏特异性,鉴定难度大,目前还没有一个客观、准确、公认的鉴定标准,通过文献复习总结有关体位性窒息的研究成果,结合窒息死亡的组织病理改变和鉴定实践,提出限制性体位窒息的检验鉴定要点,在确定有长时间限定在某一影响呼吸的体位,且自己不能解脱;有明显的窒息尸体征象;排除损伤、疾病致死;常见毒物检测阴性;膈肌Fn免疫荧光检测阳性或透射电镜检查证明有膈肌损伤的可以诊断。如果合并有损伤或疾病,还应该有肺SP-A检查阳性或HIF1-α免疫组化染色核阳性表达。某些特定部位的损伤检查有助于分析体位关系。     

Forensic Pathological Examination on 73 Medical Malpractice Cases of PediatricsCSCD

Objective: To analyse 73 medical malpractice cases of pediatrics for discussing the importance of forensic pathology in solving the issues such as medical malpractice of pediatrics. Methods: From January 2002 to August 2016, 73 medical malpractice cases of pediatrics with age of death between 28 days old and 10 years old were collected from Institute of Judical Expertise of Nanjing Medical University. The relationship between causes of death and related medical institutions was retrospectively analysed. Results: In 73 cases, the male to female ratio was 1.70:1, and ages of 28 days old to 1 year old were common (26 cases, 35.62%), followed by ages between 1 year old and 3 years old (21 cases, 28.77%). In 71 cases which had been determined the cause of death by postmortem examination, the main cause of death was disease, especially respiratory diseases (33 cases, 46.48%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (12 cases, 16.90%). In 75 medical institutes which involved with these medical malpractices, most were tertiary medical institutes (32, 42.67%), followed by the sub-secondary (excluding the secondary)medical institutions (23, 30.67%). The clinical diagnosis of 38 cases (52.05%) completely or mostly corresponded with the pathological findings. There were 35 cases (47.95%) undefined or misdiagnosed cases. Conclusion: Autopsy and forensic pathological examination contribute to determine causes of death, which not only provide scientific evidence for medical malpractice of pediatrics, but also enrich and develop clinical medical knowledge, and thus improve diagnosis and treatment level in a certain extent. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Undetermined Manner of Death: An Autopsy Series

A manner of death may be ruled undetermined by the forensic pathologist when there is insufficient information about the circumstances surrounding the death to make a ruling. The aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze a series of autopsy cases that were classified as undetermined manner of death after complete investigations. In all, 48 cases were examined. In 23 cases (48%), the cause of death was determined. The most frequent cause of death was toxic death (n = 11). More than one manner of death was deemed conceivable for most cases (n = 39). The most frequent and the most probable manner of death was accident (n = 37). Homicide was not excluded in about 23% of the cases. Our study showed that the manner of death may remain undetermined despite an established cause of death, and even when two or more conceivable causes of death are considered. Our study pointed out that undetermined manner of death covers a wide range of situations and that homicide may be underestimated.     

105例精神病人尸体检验的法医学分析

目的回顾分析精神病人尸体检验案例的死亡原因及死亡方式,为医疗卫生服务和司法鉴定提供参考。方法收集中国刑事警察学院物证鉴定中心2004—2019年受理并结案的精神病人尸体检验案例105例,分为疾病死亡、自杀死亡、意外死亡及他杀死亡4组,统计各组的常见死亡原因,分析各组之间年龄、病程、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、性别的差异。结果105例中,男性60例、女性45例,精神病病程(12.9±10.4)年,死亡时年龄(51.3±11.4)岁,61.0%为精神分裂症。疾病死亡50例(47.6%),该组死者年龄最大、精神病病程最长、BMI最低,肺动脉血栓栓塞、呼吸系统感染、心脏性疾病是常见死亡原因。意外死亡26例(24.8%),交通事故是最常见死亡原因。他杀死亡15例(14.3%),全部为男性,颅脑损伤是最常见死亡原因。自杀死亡14例(13.3%),该组死者年龄最小,病程最短,高坠是最主要的自杀方式。结论了解精神病人的常见死亡原因有助于制定措施以降低该群体的死亡率。分析死亡方式时需要综合考虑死者的年龄、病程、性别等因素。     

127例蛛网膜下腔出血案例的法医学研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)对保险公司的直接请求权,从而缓解了患者在请求赔偿方面的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法通过对华西医科大学法医鉴定中心1983-2001年尸检检出的127例各种原因所致的SAH案例进行回顾性分析。结果各类SAH案例,男性明显多于女性,男女性别比为3:1,高峰年龄为21~40岁。按SAH常见特征可分为外伤性、脑血管畸形、动脉瘤、脑血管粥样硬化、中毒、伴发于心脏疾患、其他等八类。其中,外伤性与脑血管畸形最为多见。外伤性SAH与脑血管畸形出血可见于任何年龄,多见于11~50岁,脑血管粥样硬化出血仅见于50岁以上者,动脉瘤破裂出血者并不多见,见于11~50岁。以SAH为死亡原因者,32例,占25%,多见于脑血管畸形与动脉瘤破裂,出血部位多见于脑底及小脑天幕以下。大多数SAH,出血部位多见于大脑表面,较为局限,出血量较少,非死亡的主要原因。结论多数SAH并非导致死亡的主要原因,SAH死亡者,其死亡性质多属自然死亡。