Maximum range of pellets fired from a shotgun

A mathematical model to determine the maximum range of pellets fired from a shotgun has been suggested. It has been assumed that the air resistance experienced by a pellet is proportional to the square of its velocity (?μV²) where $\text{μ =}\text{A}\text{C}$ with

$\text{C=0.061}\text{86}\text{N}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}$

and

$\text{A=}\text{1}\text{[17 696+2N+10 000(0.2?d)]}$

N is the number of pellets/ounce and d is the diameter of the pellets in inches. A method for calculating the maximum range has been suggested, and the values obtained for Buck 00, size 8 and size 9 American pellets are very close to the reported experimental observations. The maximum ranges for other sizes of pellets have also been calculated. The angle of projection decreases with increase in velocity and increases with increase in the weight of the pellet. It varies between 26° to 32° for common sizes of pellets and standard shotgun velocity. The maximum range in air is only 1 – 3% of the range attained by a pellet in vacuum.     

How to select a satisfying typing program for paternity testing

The efficiency of a typing program for paternity testing concerns three specific aspects: first, what is the percentage of non-fathers that cannot be excluded from paternity; second, what is the percentage of true fathers that cannot be recognized as probable fathers, and third, what is the percentage of non-fathers that will be assigned as probale fathers. When extensive materials for observation with any specific typing program are not directly available, only the chance of non-exclusion of non-fathers can be calculated in a relatively simple way.The aim of the present study was to find a relationship between this and the other two criteria. It was found that the variance of the distribution of natural logarithms of paternity index values is approximated rather well by the formula var. $\text{I = 0.65 ×}\text{(n(}\text{ln 1}\text{ne}\text{3}\text{)}{}^2\text{)}$ (n = the number of genetic systems of the typing program and ne = the chance of non-exclusion of non-fathers). This allows the estimation of the two other critical percentages: the percentage of true fathers that cannot be assigned, and the percentages: the percentage of true fathers that cannot be assigned, and the percentage of non-fathers that will be assigned as probably true fathers.     

Non-linear kinetics of ethanol elimination in man: Medico-legal applications of the terminal concentration-time data analysis

Research regarding parameters suitable for reporting on the activity of enzymatic systems responsible for ethanol metabolism is of obvious interest in medico-legal practice. Blood ethanol concentration-time curves, following oral administration of ethanol, have been developed for ethylic and non-ethylic subjects. This study has confirmed the non-linear kinetics of ethanol elimination; however, existing non-linear models appear to be inadequate for usual medico-legal practice, because of their complexity. We observed three phases during the elimination of ethanol. The first order terminal phase is characterized by its half-life. This parameter seems adequate as a basis for determining the activity of enzyme systems responsible for the metabolism of ethanol.     

Movie review essay

While Paul McCold’s intent to clarify the compatibility of restorative justice and community justice conceptual frameworks is laudable, his effort provides as much confusion as clarity (McCold, 2004 McCold, P. (2004). Paradigm muddle: The threat to restorative justice posed by its merger with community justice. Contemporary Justice Review, 7: 13–35. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], this issue). This piece identifies some of the conflicts inherent in the roots of the development and growth of restorative justice. It also raises concerns regarding how restorative justice theoreticians and practitioners consider community, the role of strangers, empowerment, prevention, and punishment within restorative frameworks. The authors of this piece conclude that, while it remains important to safeguard the underlying principles of restorative justice, it is also necessary to remain open to new possibilities and to new ideas.     

More Places than Crimes: Implications for Evaluating the Law of Crime Concentration at Place

Objectives

The crime and place literature lacks a standard methodology for measuring and reporting crime concentration. We suggest that crime concentration be reported with the Lorenz curve and summarized with the Gini coefficient, and we propose generalized versions of the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient to correct for bias when crime data are sparse (i.e., fewer crimes than places).

Methods

The proposed generalizations are based on the principle that the observed crime concentration should not be compared with perfect equality, but with maximal equality given the data. The generalizations asymptotically approach the original Lorenz curve and the original Gini coefficient as the number of crimes approaches the number of spatial units.

Results

Using geocoded crime data on two types of crime in the city of The Hague, we show the differences between the original Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient and the generalized versions. We demonstrate that the generalizations provide a better representation of crime concentration in situations of sparse crime data, and that they improve comparisons of crime concentration if they are sparse.

Conclusions

Researchers are advised to use the generalized versions of the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient when reporting and summarizing crime concentration at places. When places outnumber crimes, the generalized versions better represent the underlying processes of crime concentration than the original versions. The generalized Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient and its variance are easy to compute.

     

Intimate Partner Violence in the African American Community: Risk,Theory, and Interventions

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is devastating to individuals, families, and communities. IPV is considered the most prevalent type of violence in families (Owen et al. in Journal of Family Violence, 24(7), 433–445. doi: 10.1007/s10896-009-9239-2, 2009; Williams et al. in Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16(3), 296–310. doi: 10.1080/10926770801925726, 2008a). Unfortunately, IPV occurs far too frequently within African American families. Research suggests that African Americans are more likely to report experiencing IPV than any other racial groups (Bent-Goodley in Health & Social Work, 29(4), 307–316, 2004; Hampton and Gelles in Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25, 105–119, 1994; Rennison and Welchans 2000). Despite this, there is a paucity of research that highlights the specific factors that may contribute to the high rates of IPV within the African American community. This article will explore the risk factors associated with IPV in this, while highlighting the way in which psychoanalytic theory can be used to understand these rates. Treatment approaches that use a multicultural framework will also be discussed.