The scourge of opiates: The illicit narcotics trade in the Islamic Republic of Iran

This study seeks to provide an overview of drug trafficking in Iran, particularly as it relates to the Iran–Afghan and Iran–Pakistan border regions. Data were obtained from a systematic review of the academic literature and from open sources, including media reports and official documents. The Iranian government is credited with dedicating substantial resources to combating the drug trafficking. Despite these efforts, Iran continues to be the most significant transit country for opium and heroin from Afghanistan. Several factors are identified that help to explain why Iran, despite its efforts, continues to play a central role in the international drug trade.     

The Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea

The Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environmentof the Caspian Sea, which concluded recently between Azerbaijan,Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, is a great step onthe long path of rescuing the fragile Caspian Sea environmentdevastated by the economies of the coastal States, unsustainableexploitation of the non-living resources of the seabed and negativeimpact of illegal fishing. The Convention complies with allcurrent standards of modern international environmental lawand should be seen as a part of the progressive developmentof international legislation on environmental protection.     

“祖立克”轮舟山海域油污事故所引发的船东与保赔协会在英国法院的诉讼——对伊制裁与保赔责任

对伊制裁将航运服务列为限制活动对租约和保赔保险等航运活动产生了诸多影响。分析英国高等法院审理的the“ZOORIK”轮保赔责任案中的争议焦点，法院认为英国财政部签发的批准证书允许汽船互保协会可以为伊朗航运继续提供保险责任保障，保险性质没有发生变化；同时《对伊朗金融限制令》和批准证书并不能够使汽船互保协会向伊朗航运进行的保险赔偿支付变得非法，不能导致保赔保险合同因受挫而终止。     

关于城市化进程中集体土地上房屋买卖纠纷法律适用问题的分析简

与城镇房屋交易相比,集体土地上房屋流转整体活跃程度低,历来不是人们关注的重点.但农户之间买卖、互换房屋或以房抵债等流转情况由来已久,只是交易行为往往发生于本村成员间,纷争较少,因此鲜有关注.近年来,由于城市化进程的逐渐加快,集体土地上房屋价值水涨船高,以往内部成员间被亲缘、地缘关系掩盖的利益平衡被拆迁补偿等客观因素所打破,矛盾纠纷凸显,成为目前房地产案件中群体性最强、矛盾也较为突出的一类纠纷.集体土地上房屋流转是否存在各种限制,审理中如何平衡各种利益,成为了当前审判实践中亟待解决的问题.     

Afghanistan: A Preliminary Review

Tsagolov's scholarly interests touch upon the study of the problems of contemporary social revolution and its defense. In 1981-1985 and in 1987, he was in Afghanistan as a military advisor: he was awarded four medals. Kim Tsagolov is well-informed about the present situation in Afghanistan at various levels, including the military-political leadership, the clergy, as well as the armed opposition, many leaders of which he knows personally. Therefore, the information he has is very interesting. I met Tsagolov many times in the "hottest" regions of Afghanistan.     

Russia at a Historic Crossroads

Khelashvili examines the August war from the Georgian point of view, discussing the dangers the war poses for Russia's long-term geopolitical interests.     

Dutch Cases on Torture Committed in Afghanistan: The Relevance of the Distinction between Internal and International Armed Conflict

On 14 October 2005, The Hague District Court sentenced two Afghanasylum seekers for their role in torture in Afghanistan in the1980s. The Court determined that the conflict in Afghanistanbetween 1978 and 1992 had been non-international in character.In a previous issue of this Journal, Mettraux questioned theneed to distinguish between internal and international armedconflict. This comment argues that the preoccupation of thecourt with the nature of the conflict was understandable andnecessary.     

A rational jurisdiction for cyber terrorism

Cyberspace is a cross-national world that transcends geopolitical national borders. Jurisdiction is the focal point for any dispute arising in the international arena, because it determines which state court has the authority to settle a dispute. The objective of this paper is to analyse territorial and universal jurisdiction principles which can be specifically related to cyberspace to determine which of them is best suited to providing the appropriate jurisdiction in combating cyber terrorism and how conflicts arising between them can be settled. The transnational nature of cyber terrorism offences leads to jurisdictional complexity, thereby investigation and prosecution is difficult. Lack of harmonisation in legislating among countries leads to difficulty in investigation and prosecution of cyber terrorism offences. This paper notes that universal jurisdiction is the most feasible and effective method to deter cyber terrorism.     

疫情防控中妨害公务罪的法教义学解析

为了个人自由而抗拒防疫管控,是对国家公务活动正常秩序的公然侵犯,具有法益侵害性。对于妨害公务罪之"暴力、威胁",应结合其侵害法益、实务经验予以合理界定。参与疫情管控的基层工作人员能否作为妨害公务罪之对象,需根据司法解释的规定,紧扣从事疫情防控职权之公务性质深入分析。以暴力、威胁方法抗拒不当防疫措施的,因防疫执法之合法性丧失,不构成妨害公务罪。行为人对防疫执法行为合法性的认识错误,属于对构成要件的事实认识错误,阻却犯罪故意的成立。     

论受贿罪中的“为他人谋取利益”

在刑法理论界中,“为他人谋取利益”在受贿罪的犯罪构成中的地位—直有争议。本文认为将“为他人谋取利益”作为受贿罪的认定要件之一,这种立法形式对于预防和打击贿赂犯罪极为不力,与受贿罪的本质不相符合,因此应当将此要件从法条中去除。     

论国际法所调整的利益关系--兼谈国际法的本质属性及其影响

国际法所调整的利益关系中,有国家利益、国家之间的共同利益和全人类的共同利益,但居于本质属性地位的是国家之间的共同利益和全人类的共同利益.国际法的共同利益性对国际法(学)诸方面会产生比较深远的影响,特别是对国际法与国内法相互关系的理论迷局的破解具有重要意义.     

From War to Prison: Examining the Relationship Between Military Service and Criminal Activity

In February of 2008 the New York Times ran a series—War Torn—on Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and their adjustment to civilian life upon return from the war zone. The authors assessed the criminal involvement of veterans by using newspaper accounts and other open source data to identify homicides in which the offender was an Afghanistan or Iraq war veteran. This particular aspect of the series drew a great deal of criticism, in part because of disagreements about the wisdom of the wars, but also because the sources of data used were perceived as less than systematic and accurate. This series and the debate that it engendered raised once again to prominence the issue of whether veterans are disproportionately involved in crime upon their return from service and specifically from combat assignments. The series also raised the question of whether media accounts of violent behavior by returning combat veterans are simply anecdotal or if they portend a more system-wide problem. This paper uses data from the Surveys of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities and the Current Population Surveys from 1985 to 2004 to estimate more systematically the prevalence and nature of the offending by military veterans in civilian society. The study seeks to avoid some of the methodological weaknesses of earlier studies that examined the criminal behavior of returning veterans. Specifically, the research considers whether criminal behavior, as reflected in the likelihood of imprisonment, is affected by military service, era of service, or service during wartime after controlling for social and demographic characteristics associated with offending. The findings indicate that military service in general is not predictive of incarceration when key demographic and social integration variables are taken into account. Service during wartime was found to be inversely related to subsequent incarceration, while veterans of the post-1973 All Volunteer Force were more likely to be incarcerated than were civilians and veterans who served during the draft era.     

捍卫权利模式——个人信息保护中的公共性与权利

个人信息权和个人信息受保护权是两种相对立的模式,学界通常认为个人信息权赋予个人排他性的支配权,这与个人信息的公共性相矛盾。个人信息的公共性并不必然反对权利模式。一种广义的公共性包含着个人信息所负载的公共利益,个人信息的公开化也是网络时代个人和商业交往的必要前提,但这并不意味着要否定个人信息保护的权利模式。公共利益具有多样性,正是某些公共利益支持了权利。权利所蕴涵的主张权确保了人的尊严和自由,这也是个人信息保护法的立法宗旨;个人信息受保护权做不到这一点,它不具有义务指向性。但在立法模式上,个人信息保护法要以义务性规范或禁止性规范为主,这是由网络空间个人信息的性质决定的。     

建设和谐社会、环境友好社会的法学理论——调整论

介绍调整论的主要内容,阐明法律应不应该、能不能够以及如何调整人与自然关系这三个层次的问题,概括了调整论对主流法理学补充的四个要点,以及对主流法理学进行反思与挑战的四个基本理论领域.认为法律人是作为人与人的关系和人与自然的关系的总和的人;每个人只能通过自身与其他人的关系和自身与自然(环境资源)的关系求生存、求发展、求利益、求幸福;个人通过其行为建立和变革人与人的关系和人与自然的关系,法律既可以规定人对人的行为,也可以规定人对自然物的行为,因而法律既能够调整人与人的关系,也能够调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是指环境资源法根据社会经济规律和自然生态规律,根据人与自然关系的不同类型、特点和社会需要,设立相应的权利、义务、规则和制度去调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是一个渐进的、不断发展的过程,应该与时俱进.环境资源法调整人与自然关系的机制包括其他法律部门的相关调整机制和环境资源专门法所特有的调整机制即生态化调整机制.     

National autonomy and democratic standardization: Should popular votes on European integration be regulated by the European Union?

Given the increasing use of direct democratic devices on questions of European integration, this paper explores whether or not Member States may have good reason to agree on common regulations for popular votes of this nature. Conceiving of the European Union as a political system designed to serve the interests of states and citizens, it is argued that where direct votes have the potential to undermine the territorial, functional, normative or existential integrity of the EU, then states may have good reason to sacrifice a degree of national autonomy to adopt common regulations for certain uses of direct democracy. This leads to a case for democratic standardization across Member States when it comes to withdrawal, accession, Treaty ratification and opt‐in decisions.     

The Criminalization of Aliens: Regulating Foreigners

Intergroup contact and conflict is inevitable in the context of global economic competition and geopolitical interests. Immigrant and migratory groups have particularly been subjected to unequal treatment by members of dominant host groups, generally as a means of promoting and protecting their own economic and political interests. Immigrants often serve as a dependent and secondary labor force, useful within fluctuating cycles of labor shortage, economic crises, and economic prosperity. Likewise, criminalization is one tool that perpetuates notions of “otherness,” which in turn maintains immigrant minorities as a secondary labor force; and justifies penal punishment of them. For instance, in the United States, Chicanos and Mexican immigrants have been exploited as secondary labor, and have also been more likely than many other groups to be swept up in the Criminal Justice System. Drawing on neo-Marxist perspectives and postcolonial notions of “otherness”, this paper examines the relationship between incarceration of foreigners and economic conditions, economic threat, population change, and otherness. As hypothesized, country level data suggests that factors such as a free market economy, population change, economic competition, and a concentration of immigrants in the population are related to the level of imprisonment of foreigners. Implications for further research are also discussed.     

行政救济法上不停止执行原则的再思考

行政法上的不停止执行原则是行政救济制度中的一项特有原则。从比较法上看,无论采取停止执行或不停止执行,域外制度设计一般认为其在性质上属一种暂时权利保护措施,以达到救济的有效性。我国确立不停止执行原则的基础在于维护公共利益,缺乏救济过程中对个人权益的保护。我国立法需因应现实,修正确立基础,明确行政救济对个人权益保护的有效性;在此基础上,针对立法问题予以修正,确立复议或诉讼期间行政行为停止执行原则,构建法院和行政机关的停止执行程序。     

土地承包经营权入股有限责任公司问题研究——以农民股东与债权人的利益冲突与平衡为视角

农民股东用以入股的土地承包经营权构成公司对债权人担保的"责任财产",但其目前又承载着事实上的生存保障功能。土地承包经营权的"责任财产性"与"保障性"形成明显的冲突与紧张关系,由此产生农民股东与债权人之间的利益冲突。分别探讨公司成立阶段、运营阶段、清算阶段的农民股东与债权人之间的利益冲突的表现形式及其解决方案,尤其对于清算阶段的利益冲突,在评析当前各家学说利弊得失的基础上,提出"优先购买权+入股保险+入股风险基金"的三位一体的立体化解决思路,应具有十分重要的意义。     

Engaging the demand dynamic: promoting internal forces for reform through targeted legislative strengthening support

Institutional reform or development happens when those within the organisation want that development and are willing to commit the time, effort and necessary resources under their control to support it. This may be referred to as the will for development. Over the years, a general strategy for legislative development has emerged in which the will for development is enlisted in one or more of three ways: mapping, incentivising, and creating demand. These efforts focus on identifying the will for development independent of the legislative strengthening project itself. This paper will explore how success in supporting the budget process by the United States Agency for International Development-funded Afghanistan Parliamentary Assistance Programme enhanced and/or created the will for further development within that legislature. The paper will demonstrate how budget process support can be used to engage a broader constituency of committees and civil society organisations, creating a self-sustaining reform dynamic to be referred to as the demand dynamic.     

论物权法调整空域使用权的合理性

我国《物权法》没有明确规定空域所有权,但是应当解释为承认了空域所有权的存在。现行法律没有认可空域使用权的物权属性,只能认为空域使用权是行政许可利益。但行政许可机制的运行与效率价值旨趣相悖,其产生的产权不确定性不利于空域高效利用。市场机制和私权制度的引入是改革的重要方向。国家所有权具有私权属性,空域所有权也不例外,而空域使用权是空域所有权基于权能分离产生的权利,只能具有私权属性。这种定性在价值上也具有合理性,这主要是基于市场机制对空域利用效率的保障作用以及私权属性对市场机制顺畅运作的支撑地位。在私权体系中,将空域使用权规定为物权最为妥当。