利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的实验

建立利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的方法。使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪,以3m的距离2次射击16具尸体的头颞部及枕部,造成颅脑贯通创,制成颅骨枪弹射入、出口各32例,并根据定位标记进行观察。结果显示：颅骨枪弹创骨折形态可分为带有斜面的孔状骨折,锁孔状骨折,放射状骨折和环状隆起骨折4种类型,其出现多见于低速枪射击,并与射击方向和顺序有直接关系。根据颅骨枪弹创骨折类型可推断射击方向和顺序。     

枪弹创前置物射入口形态学的实验研究

为建立前置物射入口与典型射入口的检验鉴别方法，使用国产54式7.62mm口径手枪及56式7．62mm口径半自动步枪，以3m的距离射击约克夏种白猪义3只，同时以各种玻璃、木板。汽车门、动物躯干等物质作为中间障碍物，制成前置物射入口36例，并与对照组6例射入口进行对比观察。结果显示，前置物射入口较典型射入口增大，撕裂，创线挫伤增宽，创周出现卫星创或假点彩，创道内异物及弹头严重变形。此检验诊断方法有助于法医在实际检验中对射击距离的判断和对现场环境的分析。     

枪弹创后置物射出口形态学的实验研究

为建立后置物射出口与射入口的检验鉴定方法，使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪，以5米的距离射击约克夏种白猪18只，同时以木板、水泥板、玻璃及衣服等作为射出口衬垫物，制成后置物射出口56例，并与对照组12例射出口进行对比观察。结果表明，射出口与后置物距离在3cm以内均可出现创缘伸展轮及皮下出血，且与后置物质地及距离成正比。根据其形态分为典型及非典型两类，并建立了此类射出口的检验方法及其与射入口鉴别的依据，有助于法医在实际检验中对射击方向的判断。     

根据枪弹创形态确定射击距离和方向(附5例报告)

本文通过对人体枪弹创形态的观察和分析,讨论了在不同的射击距离和射击方向,对弹创形态的特征和成伤机理以及组织特征的影响因素。     

近距离枪弹创射入口残留物的能谱测定

对14例近距离人体枪弹创射入口的创周皮肤和创道内组织分别作了能谱测定，结果发现，创周皮肤和创道内组织上的金属成份有差异，而与异物颗粒形态无关．创造内主要为弹头成份，创局为火药成份．     

枪支射击距离的测算方法

射击距离判断是枪击犯罪现场重建关键环节,分析案情、缩小侦查范围有重要的现实意义。射击距离的精准度对于案件的侦破起着至关重要的作用,因此确定射击距离就显得尤为迫切。本文从枪支射击基本原理、枪弹创形成机理分析,结合痕迹学、法医学、微量物证等几方面来测算枪支射击距离。     

弹头经中间障碍物后枪弹创射入口形态

弹头穿过中间障碍物 (ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ)后形成的枪弹创非典型射入口 (ａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｅｎｔｅｙｗｏｕｎｄ) ,国内外已有不少研究报道〔1～ 4〕。但其研究仅限于不同的中间障碍物在一定距离时形成的枪弹创射入口的差异。不同距离 ,即中间障碍物至靶物 (ｔａｒｇｅｔ)的距离所产生的枪弹创射入口形态改变迄今尚未见到文献报道。为此 ,本文作者设计并进行了动物射击实验。1　材料与方法1 1　枪弹类型采用国产五四式手枪 ,口径 7 6 2ｍｍ ,弹头直径7 6 2ｍｍ ,钢心全披甲 ,初速为 4 2 0ｍ/ｓ,最大动能约4 0ｋｇ/ｍ…     

击毙逃犯枪弹创检验4例

击毙逃犯是十分敏感的法律事件且易产生纠纷。对被击毙者的尸体进行法医学检验，判定或验证枪弹创的射击方向、射击距离、次数等并出具鉴定结论，是办案部门对击毙逃犯的正当性、合理性、合法性进行分析判断的重要依据之一。笔者就4例击毙逃犯的尸体检验情况进行简要概述，供同行参考。     

枪弹创4例分析

枪弹创４例分析王宗端，李志政（山东省日照市公安局东港分局；日照２７６８００）枪弹创是法医检验中常见的损伤，确定枪弹创及其种类对侦察破案有重要意义。本文分析４例如下：１案例例１某日，发现一女孩被吊死在一棵树上．尸检见：头顶部有一直径０．４ｃｍ的圆形创口...     

右面部至左背部跨区域回旋枪弹创1例

回旋枪弹创是指弹头射入人体后,受到组织,尤其是骨骼的抗阻,改变了前进方向,沿皮下或骨表面或器官表面弧形行走所形成的枪弹创[1]。笔者在检案中遇到1例右耳前至左背部的跨区域回旋枪弹创,报道如下:1案例资料1999年5月26日,沈某在轿车中遭两名歹徒抢劫受伤,陈述曾被歹徒在右侧面部开枪射击。1999年6月21日,其父在家给沈某擦澡时发现左背部有一硬块,后到医院切开取出一枚弹头。2004年案件告破,二名犯罪嫌疑人供述:一人在副驾驶座与沈某搏斗,另一人于副驾驶室后座以自制仿六四式手枪朝事主右侧面部射击。离由右面部射入,沿直线往项部走行,受到…     

Comparison of wound morphology following gunshots by machine guns and sub-machine guns

Automatic weapons such as machine guns and submachine guns are found in the German-speaking region only in special army and police units and appear accordingly rarely in homicides, suicides and accidents. In the following, the findings in two cases of death with the use of machine and submachine guns are presented. The first case was a fatal accident during shooting on a training area (current machine gun of the German army, calibre 7.62 x 51 mm), the second case was a killing during a physical conflict (submachine gun MP 40 from World War II, calibre 9 x 19 mm). In the case with the machine gun autopsy disclosed typical entry holes corresponding to the calibre, but unusually large exit wounds with tissue bridges in the wound ground, measuring 4 x 2.5 cm in diameter. By contrast, the second case (submachine gun) showed "normal" entry and exit wounds. The differences are mainly caused by deviating ballistic data of the ammunition used. They are discussed against the background of literature on wound ballistics.     

Atypical Suicide by Submachine Gun

In case of suicide, the presence of multiple entrance wounds is always suspicious. We report the case of a man who committed suicide by shooting himself three times in the chest and the skull with a submachine gun. The weapon seems to have been initially pointed in the precordium area with a lethal lesion of the proximal aorta. Two other projectiles were fired by the weapon and hit the neck and the skull of the deceased. The presence of three entrance wounds despite a first fatal wound could finally be explained by the characteristics of the weapon and wounds. Most suicides related to multiple gunshot wounds are explained by a first nonlethal shot but the use of an automatic weapon can also be found. In these last cases, medicolegal and criminalistics aspects become important in differentiating suicide and homicide.     

An atypical gunshot wound from a home-made zip gun--the value of a thorough scene investigation

Zip guns and the atypical gunshot wounds they produce are rare in forensic pathology. Because of this, investigators and forensic pathologists may be unfamiliar with their construction, appearance, and the wounds associated with them. A 43-year-old mechanic, with a history of depression was found dead in a washroom stall at work with an atypical gunshot wound of the head. Upon initial investigation, no weapon was found at the scene. Due to the nature of the scene, and the unusual characteristics of the wound, the manner of death was at first thought to be a homicide. Subsequently, a simple zip gun, which had been overlooked during the scene investigation, was discovered by a co-worker while he was cleaning the stall. Examination of the wound revealed evidence of contact range firing. A markedly deformed bullet was recovered from the head, consistent with the use of the home-made gun. These findings, along with further police investigation and review of the past medical history, indicated that the manner of death was a suicide.     

Suicide by Close-Range Gunshot Wound to the Bridge of the Nose

Suicidal gunshot wounds to the nasal bridge are rare, particularly at close range (defined as muzzle of the weapon not touching the skin surface, but near enough to deposit soot and stippling). Previously reported suicidal gunshot wounds to the nose have been through the left nostril (Forensic Sci Int 1995;71(1):25–31; J Forensic Radiol Imag 2013;1(2):63–7). The death of a 26-year-old man with a close-range gunshot wound to the bridge of the nose was deemed suicide due to history, scene, and autopsy findings. These findings included previous suicidal ideation, texted and written notes, the decedent's cross-legged position seated on the floor, the trajectory of the bullet through his head and into the ceiling fan and roof above him, and acute alcohol intoxication. This decedent may have been intending a hard contact forehead location but inadvertently fired the gun into the bridge of his nose while bending forward, prior to contact.     

Unusual homicide by air gun with pellet embolisation.

A homicidal case by an air gun involving a 73-year-old woman who was found dead in her home is described. At autopsy, two gunshot wounds were observed on the left anterior chest and the right back. There was neither exit wound nor powder burns. The fatal pellet, 0.9 g and 5.5mm diameter, penetrated the left anterior chest and the heart to cause cardiac tamponade (200 ml) before lodging in the left subclavian artery. Death was due to cardiac tamponade.This case has exhibited two rare phenomena: homicide by an air gun and pellet embolisation. This is the first homicide case by use of air gun in Japan and demonstrates that although it may be rare, air guns can be used as potential homicidal weapons. This experience will alert our society and others on the potential hazards of air guns we have tended to regard as toys.     

扫描电子显微镜下生前和死后枪弹创的对比观察

本文用扫描电镜,对11例生前枪弹创和12例死后不同时间形成的枪弹创作对比观察。结果发现,生前枪弹创有大量红细胞和血小板凝块,纤维蛋白网形成,死后10min内的枪弹创亦有少许散在红细胞和纤维蛋白形成,很少见纤维蛋白网。死后25min的标本仍可见稀疏的红细胞,但无纤维蛋白形成。作者认为在扫描电镜下诊断生前枪弹创,需全面观察,综合分析。     

枪弹创纤维蛋白形成能力的免疫组化研究

采用免疫组化PAP染色法，对57例人体枪弹创标本的纤维蛋白形成能力进行检测。结果发现，所有生前枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成祖创缘邻近皮肤组织内毛细血管内皮细胞以及血管内充盈的红细胞膜上亦呈棕色阳性染色；死后30min内形成的枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成；死后37min后形成的枪弹创无纤维蛋白形成，说明死后30min，纤维蛋白形成能力仍存在。作者认为，仅根据损伤局部有纤维蛋白形成即判断为生前伤是不恰当的，尚应结合损伤部位、损伤程度、损伤类型以及其它生活反应综合评定，不宜单凭纤维蛋白判断。